Module 7

Question 1

diencephalon- thalamus function

Answer 1

relays almost all sensory input to the cerebral cortex

Question 1

cerebral cortex function

Answer 1

Sensory areas are involved in the perception of sensory information; motor areas control muscular move- ment; and association areas deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, personality traits, and intelligence. Basal nuclei coordinate gross, automatic muscle movements and regulate muscle tone. Limbic system functions in emotional aspects of behavior related to survival.

Question 2

diencephalon- hypothalamus function

Answer 2

controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland

Question 3

diencephalon- epithalamus function

Answer 3

Consists of pineal gland, which secretes melatonin, and the habenular nuclei.

Question 4

cerebellum- function

Answer 4

Compares intended movements with what is actually happening to smooth and coordinate complex, skilled movements

Question 5

brainstem- midbrain function

Answer 5

Relays motor output from the cerebral cortex to the pons and sensory input from the spinal cord to the thalamus.

Question 6

brainstem- pons function

Answer 6

Relays impulses from one side of the cerebellum to the other and between the medulla and midbrain.

Question 7

brainstem- medulla oblongata function

Answer 7

Relays sensory input and motor output between other parts of the brain and the spinal cord

Question 8

Central sulcus

Answer 8

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Question 9

precentral gyrus

Answer 9

located immediately anterior to the central sulcus contains the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex

Question 10

post central gyrus

Answer 10

located immediately posterior to the central sulcus contains the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

Question 11

lateral cerebral sulcus

Answer 11

separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

Question 12

parietal-occipital sulcus

Answer 12

separate the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

Question 13

primary somatosensory area

Answer 13

located directly posterior to the central sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the post central gyrus of each parietal lobe
receives nerve impulses for touch, joint and muscle position, pain, itch, tickles and thermal sensations

Question 14

primary visual area

Answer 14

located at the posterior tip-off the occipital lobe mainly on the medial surface, receives visual information and is involved in visual perception

Question 15

primary auditory area

Answer 15

located in the superior part of the temporal lobe near the lateral cerebral sulcus, receives information from auditory receptors

Question 16

primary motor area

Answer 16

located in pre-central gyrus of frontal lobe
each region controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles

Question 17

brocas speech area

Answer 17

located in the frontal lobe close to the lateral cerebral sulcus
nerve impulses pass to pre-motor regions that control the muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth
impulses also control breathing muscles to regulate proper flow of air past the vocal cords

Question 18

pre-motor area

Answer 18

immediately anterior to the primary motor area.
neurons here communicate with primary motor cortex, the sensory association areas in the parietal lobe, the basal nuclei, and the thalamus
deals with learned motor activities

Question 19

somatosensory association area

Answer 19

posterior to and receives input from the primary somatosensory area as well as from the thalamus
permits you to determine the exact shape and texture of an object without looking at it

Question 20

prefrontal cortex

Answer 20

anterior portion of the frontal lobe that is well developed in primates
numerous connections with thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebellum
concerned with the makeup of a persons intellect, personality, complex learning abilities, recall of information, initiative, judgement, mod,

Question 21

cervical spinal cord

Answer 21

extends from fourth cervical vertebrae to the first thoracic vertebrae
nerves to and from upper limbs arise from cervical enlargement

Question 22

lumbar spinal cord

Answer 22

extends from the ninth to 12th thoracic vertebra. nerves to and from lower limbs arise from lumbar

Question 23

conus medullaris

Answer 23

tapering, conical structure
ends at the level of intervertebral disc between the first and second lumbar vertebrae

Question 24

film terminale

Answer 24

extension of the pia matter that extends inferiorly and fuses with the arachnid mater and dura matter to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx

Question 25

ventral (anterior) form

Answer 25

contain somatic motor nuclei, which are clusters of cell bodies of somatic motor nueorns that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscle

Question 26

dorsal (posterior) horn

Answer 26

contain cell bodies and axons of inter-neurone as well as axons of incoming sensory neurone

Question 27

cervical spinal cord

Answer 27

Relatively large diameter, relatively large amounts of white matter, oval in shape; in upper cervical segments (C1–C4), posterior gray horn is large, but anterior gray horn is relatively small; in lower cervical segments (C5 and below), posterior gray horns are enlarged and anterior gray horns are well-developed

Question 28

thoracic spinal cord

Answer 28

Small diameter is due to relatively small amounts of gray matter; except for first thoracic segment, anterior and posterior gray horns are relatively small; a small lateral gray horn is present

Question 29

lumbar spinal cord

Answer 29

Nearly circular; very large anterior and posterior gray horns; relatively less white matter than cervical segments

Question 30

spinal nerves

Answer 30

nerves associated with the spinal cord and, like all nerves of the (PNS), are parallel bundles of axons and their associated neuroglial cells wrapped in several lay- ers of connective tissue. Spinal nerves connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands in all parts of the body.

Question 31

monoplegia

Answer 31

paralysis of one limb only

Question 32

diplegia

Answer 32

paralysis of both upper limbs or both lower limbs

Question 33

paraplegia

Answer 33

paralysis of both lower limbs

Question 34

hemiplegia

Answer 34

paralysis of th upper limb, trunk and lower limb on one side of the body

Question 35

quadriplegia

Answer 35

paylysis of all four limbs

Question 36

dorsal roots

Answer 36

rojecting from the posterolateral sulcus of the spinal cord is another series of rootlets, the poste- rior rootlets, which contain the central processes of the sensory unipolar neurons.

Question 37

ventral roots

Answer 37

The anterior rootlets contain the axons of multipolar motor neu- rons arising from cell bodies in the anterior regions of the spinal cord gray matter.

Question 38

Anterior funiculus

Answer 38

Carries motor nerve cells to the vestibular nuclei, which are involved in the vestibulospinal reflex Transmits ascending and descending nerve fiber tracts Contains tracts that transmit pain, temperature, crude touch, and pressure sensations

Question 39

posterior funiculus

Answer 39

Transmits sensations of vibration, fine touch, and proprioception Helps encode muscle length Transmits information about limb position

Question 40

lateral funiculus

Answer 40

Sensory information The lateral funiculus contains ascending tracts that relay sensory information about pain, temperature, and proprioception. Motor information The lateral funiculus contains descending tracts that control voluntary movement of the distal limb musculature.

Question 41

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 41

eparates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

Question 42

Cingulate sulcus

Answer 42

involved in emotional processing and inhibitory control, in attentional processing, and in sleep staging

Question 43

Calcarine sulcus

Answer 43

Separates the primary visual cortex The calcarine sulcus divides the primary visual cortex into upper and lower parts. Divides the occipital lobe The calcarine sulcus divides the occipital lobe into the cuneus and lingual gyrus. Marks the location of the primary visual cortex The calcarine sulcus is a key landmark that helps identify where the primary visual cortex is.

Question 44

Corpus callosum

Answer 44

corpus callosum (kal-LO ̄ -sum; corpus=body; callosum=hard), a broad band of white matter containing axons that extend between the hemispheres at the floor of the longitudinal fissure

Question 45

- Facial recognition area

Answer 45

the right hemisphere is more important for musical and artistic awareness, spatial and pattern perception, recognition of faces, emotional content of language, identifying odors, and generating mental images of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell.