Module 3

Question 1

what is a bone

Answer 1

organ made up of several different tissues working together: bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue and nervous tissue

Question 2

skeletal system functions-support

Answer 2

serves as a structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal msucles

Question 3

skeletal system functions- protection

Answer 3

protects the most important internal organs from injury

Question 4

skeletal system functions-assistantance in moving

Answer 4

most skeletal muscles attach to bones when they contract, they pull on bone to produce movement

Question 5

skeletal system functions- mineral storage and release

Answer 5

bone tissue makes up about 18% of human body weight and stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus
bone tissue stores about 99% of total body calcium

Question 6

skeletal system functions-blood cell production

Answer 6

red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis.

Question 7

skeletal system functions- triglyceride storage

Answer 7

yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells which store trycglicerides

Question 8

long bones

Answer 8

greater length than width and a diaphysis and a variable number of epiphyses
slightly curved for strength
consist mostly of compact bone tissue
and some spongy bone tissue

Question 9

examples of long bones

Answer 9

humerus, ulna and radius, femur, tibia and fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges

Question 10

short bones

Answer 10

somewhat cube shaped and nearly equal in length width and depth
consist of spongy bone except at the surface where there is a thin layer of compact bone

Question 11

examples of short bones

Answer 11

carpal bones, and most tarsal bones

Question 12

flat bones

Answer 12

generally thin and composed of two nearly paralel plates of compact bon enclosing a layer of spongy bone
layers of compact bone are called external and internal tables
offer protection and provide area for muscle attachment

Question 13

in cranial bones what is spongy bone refered to as

Answer 13

dipole

Question 14

examples of flat bones

Answer 14

cranial bones, sternum, and ribs

Question 15

irregular bones

Answer 15

compelx shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the other three categories
vary in amounts of spongy and compact bone

Question 16

examples of irregular bones

Answer 16

vertebrae, certain facial bones and the calcaneus

Question 17

sesamoid bones

Answer 17

devleop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, compression and stress
protect tendons from excessive wear and tear and can alter the direction of pull of a tendon to improve mechanical advantage

Question 18

sesamoid bones examples

Answer 18

upper limbs: in joints of the palmar surface of the hands
tendons of the adductor policies and flexor policies breves muscles at the metacarpolphalnageal joint of the thumb
lower limbs: two constant sesamoid bones in addition to the patella that occur on the plantar surface of each foot

Question 19

sutural bones

Answer 19

small bones located within the sutures (joints) of certain cranial bones- number varies from person to person

Question 20

diaphysis

Answer 20

bones haft or body- the long syndical main portion of the body

Question 21

epiphyses

Answer 21

extremities are the proximal and distal ends of a bone

Question 22

metaphyses

Answer 22

the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses
in a growing bone each one contains an epiphyseal plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow

Question 23

epiphyseal line

Answer 23

When bone growth in length stops somewhere between the ages of 14 and 24, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone and the
resulting bony structure is known as the epiphyseal line.

Question 24

articular cartilage

Answer 24

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation with another bone
reduces friction and absorbs shock freely at moveable joints

Question 25

periosteum

Answer 25

tough connective tissue sheath associated with blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage composed of outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells some cells enable bones to grow in thickness protects bone assist in fracture repair helps nourish bone tissue and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons

Question 26

medullary cavity

Answer 26

hollow syndical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults minimizes the weight of bone by reducing th dense bony material where it is least needed

Question 27

endosteum

Answer 27

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity contains a single layer of bone forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue

Question 28

surface markings

Answer 28

the surface of a bone is marked by a variety of bumps, grooves, indentations, projections and holes

Question 29

what do bumps ridges or rough areas indicate

Answer 29

where soft tissues like tendons and ligaments attach to bone

Question 30

what do grove like impressions or holes

Answer 30

indicate locations where nerves and blood vessels pass through the bones

Question 31

what do smooth surfaces indicate

Answer 31

areas of movement between neighbouring bones

Question 32

two major types of surface markings

Answer 32

depressions and opening: form joints or allow passage of soft tissues (blood vessels and nerves) processes projections or outgrowths that either: her form joints or serve as attachments points for connective tissue

Question 33

fissure

Answer 33

narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass example: superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

Question 34

foramen

Answer 34

opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass example: optic Forman of the sphenoid bone

Question 35

fossa

Answer 35

shallow depression example: coracoid fossa of the sphenoid bone

Question 36

sulcus

Answer 36

furrow along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon example: intertuberucular sulcus of the humerus

Question 37

meatus

Answer 37

tubeline opening example: external and internal auditory meats of the temporal bone

Question 38

condyle

Answer 38

large round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of a bone example: lateral condyle of the femur

Question 39

facet

Answer 39

smooth, flay, slightly concave or convex articular surface example: superior articular facet of a vertebra

Question 40

head

Answer 40

usually rounded articular projection supported by the neck (contracted portion) of a bone example: head of a femur

Question 41

crest

Answer 41

prominent ridge or elongated projection example: illac crest of the hip bone

Question 42

epicondyle

Answer 42

typically roughened projection above a condyle example: medial epicondyle of the femur

Question 43

line

Answer 43

long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest) example: linea aspera of the femur

Question 44

spinous process

Answer 44

sharp, slender, projection example: spinous process of th vertebrae

Question 45

trochanter

Answer 45

very large projection example: greater trochanter of the femur

Question 46

tubercle

Answer 46

variable sized rounded projection example: greater tubercle of the humerus

Question 47

cartilage

Answer 47

specialized connective tissue- articular cartilage- loss of this causes pain associated with arthritis costal cartilage: ribs and sternum elastic cartilage: forms outer ear

Question 48

ligaments

Answer 48

specialized connective tissue element attach bone to bone typically stabilize joints damage is refered to as a sprain skeletal system

Question 49

specialized structures of MSK

Answer 49

intervertebral dics- cause a huge amount of clinical problems outer ring of the disk is made of specialized tissue inner ring

Question 50

how are bones formed

Answer 50

endochondral ossification process of bone development from hyaline cartilage cartilage is avascular- (as soon as its big enough it starts to degenerate and then is replaced by bone) and degenerates as bone formation progresses

Question 51

notable features of adult long bones

Answer 51

articular cartilage covers proximal and distal ends periosteum is densely innervated and very sensitive to tension and mechanical deformation bones ares parsley innervated but highly vascular; bones receive 5-10% of cardiac output

Question 52

innervated

Answer 52

supplied by nerves

Question 53

bony markings

Answer 53

point of attachment, places on bones to connect to joints, passage of things through bones

Question 54

orgin

Answer 54

does not move during contraction

Question 55

insertion

Answer 55

moves toward the orgin during contraction

Question 56

aponcuroses

Answer 56

tendons of some muscles form flat sheets or aponcuroises that anchor the muscles to the skeleton and or to deep fascia

Question 57

how are muscles named

Answer 57

for their attachments or length

Question 58

pennation

Answer 58

oblique arrangement of fibers, at an angle to the line of action of the tendon