MICR 270 > module 2 > Flashcards

module 2 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

increase in the diameter of the blood vessels

A

vasodilation

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2
Q

facilitation of the entrance of the fluids also called exudate in the infected tissues

A

permeabilization

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3
Q

attraction of immune cell to the site of infection by specific proteins and cytokines

A

chemotaxis

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4
Q

adhesion of immune cells to the endothelial wall of the blood vessels

A

margination

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5
Q

migration of immune cells through the tissues to the site of inflammation

A

extravasation

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6
Q

what immunoglobulin can cross the placenta barrier

A

igG

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7
Q

which immunoglobulin isn’t predominant antibody class present in mucosal membranes

A

IgA

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8
Q

which immunoglobulin is found on the surface of antigen naive mature B-cell

A

igD

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9
Q

which immoglobulin is a pentameter when B cells

A

igM

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10
Q

which immunoglobulin is produced in large quantity during allergic reactions

A

IgE

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11
Q

what are membrane attack complex

A

structure made of activated complement protein which have the ability to destroy extracellular pathogens by creating holes in their cell membrane. as a side effect of this process. mac can also damage his cells.

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12
Q

what is the complement system

A

made up of over 30 soluble proteins

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13
Q

when is the complement system activated

A

the complement system can be directly activated in the presence of extracellular pathogens or indirectly by pathogen bound antibody

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14
Q

what is considered to be the most efficient winter presenting cell?

A neutrophil
b macrophage
c dendritic cell
D natural killer cell

A

dendritic cell

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15
Q

correct order of phagocytosis steps

A

attachment — ingestion —— fusion—— digestion—— release

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16
Q

what cells are cytotoxic rather than phagocytic?
macrophage
neutrophil
natural killer cell
dendritic cell

A

natural killer cell

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17
Q

what function is not associated with the complement system

opsonization
chemotaxis
antibody production
cell lysis

A

antibody production

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18
Q

CD8+ T-cells are responsible for what

A

killing infected cells

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19
Q

name the four main component of the cellular barrier and one key difference between them

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells

natural killer cells are cytotoxic while the other phagocytosis

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20
Q

key characteristics of cytokines

A

chemical mediators
specificity
alter gene expression
can be pro or intiinflammstorb

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21
Q

define epitope

A

a specific part of an antigen recognized by the adaptive immune system

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22
Q

why are dendritic cells important in linking innate and adaptive immunity

A

they phagocytose pathogens an present antigens to t cells initiating the adaptive immune response

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23
Q

compare humoral and cell mediated immunity

A

humoral —- B-cells,. antibodies, —- targets extracellular pathogens

cell-mediated immunity -T cells, they kills infected cells and target intracellar pathogens

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24
Q

what would happen if lysosome failed to fuse with phagosome

A

pathogen would not be digestion which would to a persistent infection stinkyyyy

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25
explain how specificity and divinity make the adaptive immune system effective
specificity -each lymphocyte recognizes a unique antigen — precise targeting diversity —- large variety of lymphocytes allows response to virtually any pathogen
26
_____produce antibodies and are the key cells of______ immunity while ____ have cytotoxic activity aren’t key cells of _______
B cells/ Humoral / T- cells/ cell- mediated
27
TH1 cells promote _____ immunity while Th2 cells promote _____ immunity
cell mediated, humoral
28
cytotoxic t lymphocytes recognize antigens presenting on ______ molecules
MHC class 1
29
what determines whether a helper T cells differentiates into TH1 or TH2 a. type of antibody present b. Type of antigen encountered c. location in the body D. presence of B-cells
types of antigen it encounted
30
what correctly describes TH2 function? a. activate macrophages b activate CD8+ T-cells c activates B-cells to become plasmocytes D. directly kills infected cells
activates B cells to become plasmocytes
31
which immunoglobulin is produced first during an immune response
igM
32
which immunoglobulin is most associated with allergic reactions
igE
33
which antibody is primarily found in mucosal membrane
igA
34
which immunoglobulin is a pentamer
igM
35
describe the role a th1 cells in immunity
th1 cells activists CD8+ cytotoxic t cells leading to the destruction of infected cells (cell mediated immunity
36
describe the role of TH2 cells in immunity
TH2 cells activate B-cells and stimulate their differentiation into plasmocytes and produced antibodies (humoral immunity)
37
four major functions of antibodies
neutralization optimization complement activation effector cell activation
38
basic structure of an antibody
2 light chains 2 heavy chains 2 antigen-binding region (variable) 1 fc region (constant)
39
what is the function of the fc region
it binds to Fc receptors on immune cells and mediates effector functions
40
a patient is exposed to a virus, later, infected cells display viral peptides on MHC 1 molecules. which immune cells will respond? which helped T- cells subset activated this response
CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, TH1
41
a patient has a parasitic infection and elevated igE levels which immune pathway is activated? which helped T cell subset is involved
humoral immunity TH2
42
a newborn has antibodies against a pathogen despite never being exposed explaining why
igG antibodies crossed the placental barrier from the mother
43
a mutation prevents B cells from differentiating into plasmocytes what is the consequence?
no antibody production —— impaired humoral immunity
44
the of _____ is to regulate immune processes such as immune responses inflammation hematopoiesis
cytokine
45
what is the primary function of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)
to recognize conserved molecules patterns on pathogens
46
which is an example of a PAMP heat shock proteins DNA release from damaged host cells LPS lipopolysaccharides antibodies
lipo polysaccharides
47
which of the following correctly described DAMPS found only in bacteria unique to viruses released by damaged host cells always located on pathogen surfaces
released by damaged host cells always
48
toll like receptors TLRs are primary involved in Antibody production adaptive immunity only innate immune recognition and signalling killing pathogens directly
innate immune recognition and signalling killing pathogens
49
where can TLRs be found
on plasma membrane and endosomal membranes
50
activation of TLRs leads to immediate antibody secretion gene transcription for cytokines and chemokines destruction of red blood cells inhibition of inflammation
gene transcription for cytokines and chemokines
51
what are PRRs and why are they important
PRR are receptors on immune cells that recognize conserved molecular patterns like PAMPS or DAMPS allowing rapid detection of pathogens and initiation of the innate immune response
52
difference between PAMPs DAMPs
PAMPS are found on pathogens like LPS OR VIRAL DNA DAMPS are released from damaged host cells DNA outside nucleus, heat shock protein
53
two examples of PAMPS
Viral RNA, lipo polysaccharides LPS
54
what happens after TLR activation
activation leads to gene transcription of cytokines, chemokines, and costimulatory molecules —- promotes inflammation and immune activation
55
why are PAMPS idea targets for immune recognition
they are conserved, essential for pathogen survival and not found o host cells released risk of attacking self
56
PRRS recognize
PAMPS AND DAMPS
57
TLR activation induces production of
cytokines and chemokines
58
a patient has tissue injury with no infection, yet inflammation occurs why
damaged cells release DAMPS which activate PRRs and trigger inflammation even without pathogen
59
a bacterium has a mutation that removes its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) how might this affect immune detection
reduced recognition by Aorrs, weaker innate immune activation, increased survival of the pathogen
60
a drug blocks toll like receptor signalling what is the likely consequence
decreased cytokine production impaired innate immune response increased susceptibility to infection
61
why is insane immunity considered fast but not specific
prrs recognize common patterns immediate
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