Module 2 Flashcards
(25 cards)
define anoxia
absence or complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood or tissues
define atrophy
a decrease in tissue mass due to shrinkage of cells
define dysplasia
an alteration in size, shape, and/or organization of the cells in a tissue
what is fatty change?
the accumulation of fat within a cell due to impaired fat metabolism eg fatty change in liver cells in alcoholism
what is hemosiderin?
an insoluble form of tissue storage iron, can be seen under microscope with or without staining
hydropic swelling
increase in cell volume due to impairment of normal ion regulating mechanisms that leads to an increase in cellular water; characterized by a large, pale cytoplasm and normally located nucleus
hypoxia
decrease below normal levels of oxygen in inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues
define hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
hypertrophy
increase in size of existing cells
what is lipofuscin?
brownish pigment derived from lipids and cell membrane turnover, increases in cells with age
what is ischemia?
local decrease in tissue blood supply due to mechanical obstruction of the blood supply (mainly by arterial narrowing)
define metaplasia
the substitution of one cell type for another cell type
what does parenchyma, parenchymal refer to?
the functional elements or cells of an organ
what are causes of cell injury?
physical, chemical, biological, nutritional or metabolic alterations, immune reactions, genetic defects, cellular aging
what are two types of reversible cell injury?
hydropic swelling and fatty change
what are two types of irreversible cell injury?
necrosis and apoptosis
what are the 4 characteristics of necrosis?
intense eosinophilia of cytoplasm, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
what are the 4 types of necrosis?
Coagulative - most common, express the 4 characteristics, appear as ghosts of themselves, typical of ischemia
Liquefactive - Rapid loss of tissue architecture and digestion of the dead cells. most common in CNS and typical of bacterial damage
Fat- specific to adipose tissue, released enzymes digest fat that complexes with calcium to form chalky-white deposits eg. pancreatitis, damage to breast tissues
Caseous- soft, friable, “cheesy” material, characteristic of TB
What is gangrenous necrosis or wet necrosis?
used to refer to coagulative necrosis when there is a superimposed infection with a liquefactive component
*dry gangrene is dried out necrotic tissue with no infection that becomes dark black and mummified
What are four cell components that are particularly vulnerable to cell injury?
Cell membrane - critical for ionic and osmotic homeostasis
Mitochondria - generation of energy via ATP
Protein synthetic machonary
Cellular DNA
What is steatosis?
another word for fatty change
what is eosinophilia?
pinkness
what is pyknosis?
shrinkage
what is karyorrhexis?
the shrunken nucleus fragments or breaks up
