Module 3

Question 1

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 1

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

Question 2

what does rubor mean?

Answer 2

redness

Question 3

what does tumor mean?

Answer 3

swelling

Question 4

what does calor mean?

Answer 4

heat

Question 5

what does dolor mean?

Answer 5

pain

Question 6

what does functio laesa mean?

Answer 6

loss of or impaired function

Question 7

define inflammation

Answer 7

the series of reactions that occur at the site of injury

Question 8

What is the purpose of the inflammatory reaction?

Answer 8

1. To destroy or limit the spread of the injurious agent

2. To allow for repair or replacement of the damaged tissue

Question 9

what are 3 important points about inflammation?

Answer 9

1. Dynamic - ever-changing process, reactions succeed or overlap each other
2. Non-lethal - the injury must not have resulted in destroyed tissue at the outset
3. Non-specific - the first thing that happens no matter what type of injury. The intensity, duration & outcome are modified by host factors and factors of the type of injury

Question 10

Name some causes of inflammation

Answer 10

infection
trauma
immunologically mediated (cell- or antibody-mediated)
result of ischemia

Question 11

what are chemotactic factors for neutrophils?

Answer 11

complement fractions
bacterial and viral products
collagen breakdown fragments
components of kinin system
breakdown fragments of fibrin

Question 12

what is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

Answer 12

2-4 days

Question 13

what is the lifespan of macrophages?

Answer 13

months to years

Question 14

which cells are the most phagocytotic? followed by?

Answer 14

neutrophils and macrophages

followed by esoinophils

Question 15

what is a monocyte?

Answer 15

its the name of a macrophage when it’s in the blood vessel.

Once it leaves the blood vessel, it’s called a macrophage or histiocyte

Question 16

you know what opsonins do, but what are opsonins?

Answer 16

usually either immunoglobulins (eg. IgG) or complement fractions (eg. C3b)

Question 17

what are the possible fates of engulfed material?

Answer 17

material destroyed
material destroys phagocyte
organism survives inside phagocyte

Question 18

what differentiates chronic inflammation from acute?

Answer 18

1. proliferation of connective tissue (fibroblasts) and vessels (angiogenesis)
2. local increase in macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 19

what is a special type of chronic inflammation? and what forms of injury is this characteristic of? what is characteristically present in this type?

Answer 19

Granulomatous inflammation
TB, syphilis, some fungi, foreign body
presence of granulomas

Question 20

Desribe a granuloma

Answer 20

well-circumscribed collection of epitheliod macrophages
may or may not be centralized focus of necrotic debris
presence of multinucleated giant cells (macrophages have fused cell membranes. Also, an outer rim of lymphocytes and plasma cells usually seen

Question 21

what are the types of exudate?

Answer 21

serous, fibrinous, suppurative or purulent, catarrhal, sanguineous

Question 22

describe serous

Answer 22

fluid contains only albumin

characteristically derives from serousal surfaces - pleural, peritoneal, pericardial & synovial

Question 23

describe fibrinous

Answer 23

presence of fibrin

seen in more severe inflammation with greater vascular permeability

Question 24

describe suppurative / purulent

Answer 24

large amount of pus (fluid containing neutrophils and liquefied tissue debris and bacteria)

Question 25

describe catarrhal

Answer 25

outpouring of large amount of mucous secretion | eg. common cold - viral infection of resp epithelium of nose

Question 26

describe sanguineous

Answer 26

contains large amount of red blood cells

Question 27

What is an abcess?

Answer 27

localized collection of pus in a tissue or organ

Question 28

what is cellulitis?

Answer 28

diffuse inflammation that spreads deep within solid tissues

Question 29

what is a carbuncle?

Answer 29

abcess of subcutaneous tissue. Usually these will drain to the (boil) surface

Question 30

what is empyema?

Answer 30

collection of pus in pre-formed cavity - most frequently the pleural cavity

Question 31

what is an ulcer?

Answer 31

a local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or surface covered by epithlium (mucous membrane, skin)

Question 32

what is pseudomembranous?

Answer 32

occurs on mucosal surfaces | characterized by the accumulation of fibrin, necrotic debris, and acute inflammatory cells on the surface

Question 33

what is a fistula?

Answer 33

abnormal communication between two hollow organs, both lined with epithelium, may be congenital or result from neoplasm or trauma

Question 34

what is a sinus?

Answer 34

abnormal tract between a solid organ and an epithlial covered surface, usually skin (eg. pulmonary abcess that drains to skin)

Question 35

what are the systemic effects of inflammation?

Answer 35

fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, sleepiness

Question 36

define cicatrix

Answer 36

a scar, the fibrous tissue left after the healing of a wound

Question 37

what is granulation tissue?

Answer 37

small, rounded masses of tissue formed during healing; made up of newly formed capillaries, fibroblasts elaborating connective tissue, and macrophages

Question 38

What are three groupings of cells based on their regenerative capacity?

Answer 38

labile - continue to proliferate throughout life. Follow cell cycle from one mitosis to the next.. Stable- Not actively proliferating, but able to reenter mitosis. Considered to be in G0 Permanent- cannot divide in postnatal life. have left cell cycle

Question 39

what is an adhesion?

Answer 39

fibrous connection between two serosal surfaces usually d/t abdominal surgery.

Question 40

what is a keloid?

Answer 40

a type of scar, repair/connective tissue proliferation in dermis that exceeds amount needed. It is a raised firm lesion with sharp, often irregular outline and a smooth, shiny surface. made up of mostly collagen fibers

Question 41

what are factors influencing the rate of healing?

Answer 41

age size of wound secondary infection dietary status

Question 42

what are things we may do to influence healing?

Answer 42

``` protect the wound prompt irrigation immobilize injured area avoid manipulation drainage of exudate and pus administration of antibiotics in infections (+ there's 7 more in notes) ```