selected things from mod 7-12

Question 1

what are the 3 major risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Answer 1

smoking
hypertension
elevated blood cholesterol

Question 2

major sites of atherosclerotic ischemic injury and clinical disease

Answer 2

heart, brain, extremities, kidneys

Question 3

athersclerotic injury to the heart leads to…

Answer 3

angina, MI, chronic heart failure, sudden cardiac death

Question 4

athersclerotic injury to the brain leads to…

Answer 4

ischemic stroke

Question 5

athersclerotic injury to the extremities leads to…

Answer 5

claudication, gangrene

Question 6

athersclerotic injury to the kidneys leads to…

Answer 6

chronic kidney failure

Question 7

what percentage of the pop’n is hypertensive?

Answer 7

25%

of this 25%, 50% know they are and 16% have adequate BP control

Question 8

how bad is lung cancer in percentages?

Answer 8

it represents 13% of all cancers in humans

7% of all cancer deaths

Question 9

what type of lung cancer has the worst prognosis?

Answer 9

small cell carcinoma

Question 10

what are primary sites for metastatic carcinoma in the lung?

Answer 10

breast, stomach, pancreas, colon

Question 11

what is one of the commonest causes of renal failure?

Answer 11

adult polycystic disease

Question 12

what are kidney stones most commonly made from (percentage)?

Answer 12

75% are calcium salts

Question 13

what are other possibilities for kidney stone composition?

Answer 13

magnesium ammonium phosphate, uric acid, cystine

Question 14

what is the most common kidney tumour? and who is most likely to have it?

Answer 14

renal cell carcinoma

old, white, male

Question 15

what is the most common urinary tract cancer? where is it most commonly found? who most commonly gets it?

Answer 15

transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
bladder
old, white, male

Question 16

what is the most common factor in the development of cervical dysplasia?

Answer 16

HPV

Question 17

what is the most common cervical cancer?

Answer 17

sqaumous cell carcinoma

Question 18

what is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract?

Answer 18

endometrial carcinoma

-most commonly menopausally

Question 19

How common (include percent) is endometriosis? where is is most commonly found?

Answer 19

very common (5%) of pop'n
ovaries most commonly involved (80%)

Question 20

what is the most common tumour of the female genital tract?

Answer 20

leiomyomas (benign) A.K.A fibroids

found in approx. 25% of women over 30 yrs

Question 21

where do most ectopic pregnancies occur?

Answer 21

fallopian tubes

Question 22

what is PID mainly caused by?

Answer 22

STIs chlamidya & gonorrhea

Question 23

what are the most common ovarian tumours in juveniles and in adults?

Answer 23

juvenile: germ cell
adult: epithelial
* generally: most neoplasms are benign

Question 24

what is the most common ovarian malignancy?

Answer 24

ovarian carcinoma
LEADING CAUSE of DEATH from gynecologic malignancy
more likely post-meopausally

Question 25

most common ovarian neoplasm in young women?

Answer 25

mature cystic teratoma | benign as long as tissues are mature

Question 26

most common malignant germ cell tumour fermale tract?

Answer 26

dysgerminoma

Question 27

most common form of malignancy in men? what is a risk factor?

Answer 27

prostatic adenocarcinoma | increased risk with age after 40

Question 28

what is the avg age for testicular neoplasms? do they have a good or bad prognosis?

Answer 28

34 yrs | 90-95% cure rate

Question 29

what precentage of GI cancers does esophageal cancer account for? of that, what are the types of esophageal cancer and what are the perecentages of each? who nromally gets it?

Answer 29

esophageal cancer 6% of GI cancers of that, 60% adenocarcinoma, 40% squamous cell males, over 50 yrs

Question 30

what percentage of the pop'n do peptic ulcers affect?

Answer 30

10%

Question 31

what are the types of peptic ulcers and what is the most common type? is there a diff in gender? what age?

Answer 31

*most common - duodenal ulcers, more common in men than women, most freq age 20 gastric ulcers, equal b/w sexes, age 40

Question 32

what are the 1st and 2nd most common causes of peptic ulcers?

Answer 32

1st- Helicobacter pylori | 2nd- NSAIDS

Question 33

what is the most common acute abdominal condition requiring surgery? what age? most common cause?

Answer 33

appendicitis 10-25 yrs obstruction of lumen by fecalith

Question 34

what factor increase risk for diverticular disease?

Answer 34

age

Question 35

what is the peak age of onset of IBD?

Answer 35

15-35 yrs

Question 36

what are the types of IBD?

Answer 36

ulcerative colitis | Crohn's

Question 37

where in the body does Crohn's most likely affect?

Answer 37

small bowel (esp. terminal ileum) and/or large bowel

Question 38

what are the main causes of GI obstruction?

Answer 38

hernia, adhesions, intussusception, volvulus

Question 39

what is the second most common cause of cancer death in Ontario? what are the risk factors?

Answer 39

cancer of the large bowel | risk increases with age, western diet

Question 40

what is the most common large bowel cancer?

Answer 40

adenocarcinoma

Question 41

where in the large bowel are the most common sites for large bowel cancer?

Answer 41

rectum, sigmoid colon

Question 42

what is the leading cause of death under age 45?

Answer 42

trauma

Question 43

what is the 3rd most common cause of death?

Answer 43

stroke

Question 44

who does azlheimer's affect?

Answer 44

1/3 of pop'n after 80 yrs of age

Question 45

what is the most common bacterial disease in the nervous system?

Answer 45

meningitis

Question 46

talk about primary intrinsic tumours of the CNS

Answer 46

generally derives from glial cells (astrocytoma, oligodenrogliomas, ependymomas) tend to infiltrate surrounding normal tissue and therefore, can't be fully surgically resected

Question 47

what primary intrinsic tumour is the the most malignant? what is the life expectancy?

Answer 47

astrocytoma called glioblastoma multiforme (grade 4) | less than one year

Question 48

talk about primary extrinsic tumours in CNS

Answer 48

compress brain and do no invade, therefore resectable and curable

Question 49

what is a 'difficult to categorize' brain tumour?

Answer 49

primary extrinsic Primary CNS lymphoma mostly of B cell lineage multifocal, periventricular, arise in the immunocompromised, poor prognosis microscopically: perivascular, angioinvasive

Question 50

most common sites for endometriosis

Answer 50

ovaries, fallopian tubes, peritoneum, bowel

Question 51

where are most diverticula found?

Answer 51

sigmoid colon

Question 52

what is the most common type of bowel obstruction?

Answer 52

adhesion

Question 53

most common primary sites for secondary (metastatic) cancer in CNS

Answer 53

lung, breast, bowel, melanoma

Question 54

what is the most common complication of alcohol?

Answer 54

peripheral neuropathy