Module 2- Creating Interventations

Question 1

What is a sufficient cause?

Answer 1

One pie chart(combination of factors) that will cause disease

Question 2

What is a component cause?

Answer 2

Contributes towards disease but cant cause disease on its own

Question 3

What is a necessary cause?

Answer 3

Has to be present in order for the disease to occur

Question 4

entire Bradford Hill Criteria need to be filled before determining causality?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Do all the causes of disease need to know before preventive measures

Answer 5

No- Even changing one component can reduce disease occurrence

Question 6

What is the criteria that is essential to have in the B.H.C?

Answer 6

No- Even changing one component can reduce disease occurrence

Question 7

What is the criteria that is essential to have in the B.H.C?

Answer 7

Temporality

Question 8

What is the weakest criteria in the B.H.C?

Answer 8

Specificity of association

Question 9

What criteria does increase exposure increase outcome come under?

Answer 9

Biological gradient(dose-response)

Question 10

Why can’t consistency of association critter be used by itself?

Answer 10

study results have variation in quality + exposure effects can be different in people with different genetic makeup and other environmental factors can interrupt the exposure of interest

Question 11

Why can’t a biological plausibility criteria be used by itself?

Answer 11

No biological explanation- it can be a new discovery Scientist can temper plausibility by making up a plausible-sounding hypothesis.

Question 12

What does the reversibility criteria state?

Answer 12

A change in the exposure will cause a change in the outcome

Question 13

Why are causes important in the health sector?

Answer 13

To establish and implement preventative measures

Question 14

Why does the One-Size-Fits-All approach work?

Answer 14

Maori have different historical, social, cultural context

Question 15

What are the main components of the Te Pae Mahutonga model?

Answer 15

Mauriora, Waiora, Toiora, Te Oranga, Te Mana Whakahaere, Nga Manukura

Question 16

Who is the principles of Maori health promotion applicable to?

Answer 16

to the whole population

Question 17

What is the difference between equality and equity?

Answer 17

Equality is providing everyone with the same resources while equity is providing resources to those who are in high need of them.

Question 18

Why is Maori Health promotion important?

Answer 18

Maori are partners of the treaties and initial people 2) Inequalities 3)Mainstream promotion intervention have been less effective for Maori compared to NON-Maori

Question 19

What does it mean by Mauriora?

Answer 19

It means to enable access to cultural identity (Maori Language, cultural institutions, land, societal dominos)

Question 20

Apart from individual choices, what else is Toiora impacted by?

Answer 20

Social determinants, cultural identity

Question 21

Why is Disease prevention important?

Answer 21

• Cost of treatment and recovery- limitations curing disease, - Universal benefits

Question 22

What is primary prevention?

Answer 22

Prevent disease occurrence

Question 23

What is secondary prevention?

Answer 23

Prevent complications of disease

Question 24

What is tertiary prevention?

Answer 24

Ease the transition of an individual with long-term impacts (from disease) to life- Reduce the progression of complications

Question 25

What are some ways of preventing disease at the primary level?

Answer 25

Build a resistance to the disease(e.g immunisation), adopt healthy habit(5+ a day)

Question 26

What are some ways of preventing disease at the secondary level?

Answer 26

diagonalisation and treatment as soon as possible(regularly screening)

Question 27

What are some ways of preventing disease at the tertiary level?

Answer 27

Working with the individual, introducing them to support groups and rehabilitations.

Question 28

What is Sensitivity and Specificity measures for?

Answer 28

Test the accuracy of the test in predicting disease occurrence

Question 29

Is PPV+NPV or SS better in measuring accuracy of the test?

Answer 29

PPV+NPV

Question 30

Why is PPV and NPV better than the SS?

Answer 30

PPV+NPV take into account the prevalence of disease in a specific population-Give SPECIFIC information

Question 31

How does increased d prevalence impact on PPV and NPV

Answer 31

PPV increases, NPV decreases

Question 32

what is sensitivity?

Answer 32

Measures the ability of the test to identify correctly those who have the disease from all individuals with the disease

Question 33

What is specificity?

Answer 33

Measures the ability of the test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease (d) from all individuals free from the disease (b+d)

Question 34

What is the equation of sensitivity?

Answer 34

TP/TP+FN

Question 35

What is income inequality?

Answer 35

The unequal distribution of income- With the low percentage of people earning the most income

Question 36

What are some factors that influence inequality?

Answer 36

a)Skill-based Technological change b)Race, discrimination, gender

Question 37

Why is high income inequality a bad thing?

Answer 37

Increase total drug abuse, homicide, infant mortality, mental illness, violence in the more unequal income countries

Question 38

What are the major arguments for reducing income inequalities?

Answer 38

What should be done and how? Is it a problem or not? Is it fair as its mainly skill-based

Question 39

What is the Lorenz Curve?

Answer 39

Created to measure income inequalities within countries

Question 40

What is the measurement scale used to interpret the Gini coefficient

Answer 40

0= Perfect Equality 1= Perfect Inequality

Question 41

small size between the LC + Equality line impact on Gini coefficient?

Answer 41

Reduce Gini coefficient- less income inequality

Question 42

What is lead time bias?

Answer 42

Bias in survival rate=giving impression that survival rate is increased by screening

Question 43

does screening result in longer survival rate?

Answer 43

Yes-as screening diagnosis a disease early but the death rate between unscreened and screened patients remains the same

Question 44

What is length time bias?

Answer 44

Over-representation of the slowly progressing diseases and increase survival duration

Question 45

Why are there less rapid progressing diseases in screening programme?

Answer 45

Raid progresing disease- Symptoms apear faster- clinically diagnosed

Question 46

How does prevalence influence length time bias?

Answer 46

At one point in time, there will be more slowly progressing diseases than rapid progressing diseases

Question 47

Why does screening give an longer average survival than occurs in the pop?

Answer 47

On average the disease cases detected are likly to be a less agressive form of the disease.