Module 2 Lec 2 Flashcards
what changes can cells and tissues undergo during toxicant exposure? (list 5)
- alterations in functions
- cell degeneration / death
- hemodynamic changes (blood flow)
- carcinogenesis
- inflammation and immune system responses
what are 2 manners can chemicals interact with a cell?
non-specific (with a macromolecule)
- can be protein, membrane lipid or nucleic acid
specific interaction (high-affinity binding sites)
- can restrict toxin to certain tissue or organs
what are idiosyncratic responses?
unpredictable responses. Often abnormally amplified or reduced
what two groups can factors influencing toxicity be divided into?
factors relating to the:
- Substance
- Organism
what are some factors that influence the toxicity of a chemical? (10 unique factors)
species
age
chemical solubility
exposure route
dose (acute or chronic)
sex
pre-existing health conditions
phycological changes (pregnancy, puberty)
nutritional status
presence of other chemicals
What 3 macromolecules could toxins affect?
Proteins, DNA, Lipids
What are some potential toxin interactions with enzymes?
inhibition (competitive for binding spot & noncompetitive)
can be reversible depending on bond (covalent vs. noncovalent)
What are some potential toxin interactions with receptors?
preventing changing in conformation or cause unintended change in conformation
What are some potential toxin interactions with nucleic acid?
Mutations of DNA
What are some potential toxin interactions with ion channels?
prevent action potentials (prevent opening . shutting or channels)
What are some potential toxin interactions with transport proteins?
block binding sites
prevent movement / transport of other molecules
What are some potential toxin interactions with lipids?
toxin can become imbedded into the membrane
can attack double bonds of fatty acids and generate free radicals (ROH generation)
