Module 3 lec 1

Question 1

Define Hematotoxicology, Hematopoiesis, hemostasis

Answer 1

Hematotoxicology: study of adverse effects of toxicants on blood / blood forming tissues

Hematopoiesis: production of blood cells

hemostasis: multicomponent system to prevent blood loss when inquired and maintain blood circulation.

Question 2

What are some clinical effects of hematopoietic toxicology? what is the different between primary and secondary?

Answer 2

reduced oxygen delivery
tissue hypoxia (oxygen starvation)
infection
impaired haemostasis
leukemias

primary: 1 or more blood components directly affected
secondary: toxicity occurs due to other tissue injury

Question 3

what is the main site for hematopoiesis? what is a different but major site?

Answer 3

bone marrow is main
Lungs are a major (blood stem cells)

Question 4

what is the importance of pluripotential cells?

Answer 4

gives rise to all cellular components of blood

Question 5

what important environmental factors are present in the bone marrow for cell production?

Answer 5

variety of stimulator and growth factors

Question 6

what are the 2 progenitor cells hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts) can differentiate into?

Answer 6

progenitor myeloid and lymphoid cells

Question 7

true of false?
mammalian red blood cells do not contain nucleus
explain why.

Answer 7

True. the nucleus is expelled when leaving bone marrow to increase oxygen carrying capacity

Question 8

how do the kidneys respond to decreased carrying capacity of blood?

Answer 8

Kidney releases EPO (erythropoietin) into blood stream
EPO stimulates Erthropoesis (production of Erythrocytes)
Erythrocytes increases oxygen carrying capacity causing EPO to no longer be secreeted

Question 9

What maximizes surface are for gas exchange in Erythrocytes? what’s the approximate life for Erythrocytes? how to Erythrocytes produce energy?

Answer 9

Biconcave disk increases surface area
120 days life span
no mitochondria - energy through glycolysis

Question 10

What are the 3 circulating leukocyte types? what are each responsible for?

Answer 10

Monocytes - become macrophages
granulocytes - enzyme packed lysosomes for bacteria killing
lymphocytes

Question 11

what are the 3 types of granulocytes? what are each for? What do they contain?

Answer 11

Neutrophils - inflammation
Eosinophil - eliminate histamine
Basophil - inflammation and increases permeability of capillaries

contain enzyme-packed lysosomes

Question 12

what are 6 characteristics that makes hematopoietic system vulnerable to toxin damage?

Answer 12

1. high cell turnover rate
2. toxins distributed to target or storage sites by blood
3. erythrocytes can act as carriers and storage sites for toxins
4. bone marrow is sensitive to nutrient and hormone deprivation
5. complex processes of hemostasis renders them vulnerable to xenobiotic damage

Question 13

what are 6 characteristics that makes hematopoietic system vulnerable to toxin damage?

Answer 13

1. high cell turnover rate
2. toxins distributed to target or storage sites by blood
3. erythrocytes can act as carriers and storage sites for toxins
4. bone marrow is sensitive to nutrient and hormone deprivation
5. certain cells in bone marrow can be depleted by toxins
6. complexity of processes can be susceptible to toxin damage