Module 2 Lec 3

Question 1

What 3 things do cellular responses depend on?

Answer 1

Nature of toxicant
dose
duration of exposure

Question 2

what are 3 cellular responses to toxicants?

Answer 2

Adaptation
injury
repair

Question 3

what is the goal to the adaptation response to toxicants? what are the 3 adaptation types?

Answer 3

To maintain homeostasis by:
increasing cell activity
decreasing cell activity
alternating cell morphology / function

Question 4

What occurs in during atrophy adaptation? what are some causes?

Answer 4

cell size decreases
lower oxygen and protein needs
decreases size of organelles

can be caused by:
reduced cell usage
lack of stimulation
decreased nutrition
reduced blood-flow
aging

Question 5

What is the cellular adaptation of metaplasia? what can cause this? why does this occur and what is the outcome?

Answer 5

replacement of mature cells in a tissue with another type of mature cell (i.e. scar tissue)

caused by chronic irritation / inflammation

cells capable of survival replace the cells that cannot survive. results in loss of cellular function

Question 6

what is the cellular adaptation of hyperplasia? where does it occur?

Answer 6

increase in number of cells present in tissue
occurs only in mitosis capable tissues
increases organ / tissue mass and size

Question 7

what is the cellular adaptation of hypertrophy? where does this commonly occur? why can this occur?

Answer 7

increase in size of individual cells
often in organs and tissues
occurs when cellular needs increase resulting in an increase in cellular components present in cell

Question 8

what is Dysplasia?

Answer 8

condition of abnormal cell growth

Question 9

what is anaplasia?

Answer 9

undifferentiated cells with irregular nuclei. loss of normal cellular controls.

Question 10

what is neoplasia?

Answer 10

new growth of tissue a.k.a. a tumor. can be malignant (cancer) or benign

Question 11

what occurs when cells are subjected to a sublethal injury induced by toxins?

Answer 11

cells survive but suffer from some form of impairment

Question 12

what 2 cells specific changes occur during sub-lethal injury?

Answer 12

cellular swelling and fatty change

Question 13

what occurs during sublethal injury of cell swelling?

Answer 13

sodium-potassium membrane pumps are damaged
causes influx of fluids into cell
can be reversible is cause is eliminated

Question 14

what occurs during sublethal injury of fatty change?

Answer 14

cells is unable to metabolize lipids
vacuoles of fat accumulate
can be reversed but is slow

Question 15

what 2 methods occur during lethal injury of a cell resulting in cell death?

Answer 15

Necrosis and Apoptosis

Question 16

what occurs during lethal cell injury of Necrosis? is it a passive or active process?

Answer 16

ATP is depleted past the point of no return
passive process

Question 17

what occurs during lethal cell injury of Apoptosis? is it a passive or active process?

Answer 17

remaining functional mitochondria use ATP to fuel enzyme reactions
active process

Question 18

what are the differences between necrosis and apoptosis?

Answer 18

Necrosis - cells swell
apoptosis - cells shrink

Necrosis - membrane broken
apoptosis - membrane intact

Necrosis - inflammation
apoptosis - no tissue reaction

Necrosis - ATP depleted -> radical damage
apoptosis - ATP used

Necrosis - affects surrounding tissue
apoptosis - affects individual cells

Question 19

what 2 processes can repair cells/tissues?

Answer 19

regeneration of parenchymal cells
repair / replacement by the stromal connective tissue

Question 20

What are 4 methods of cell injury that can take place?

Answer 20

Mild damage to cytoplasm components
irreversible to cytoplasm components
nuclear shrinkage
non-lethal DNA damage

Question 20

What are 4 methods of cell injury that can take place?

Answer 20

Mild damage to cytoplasm components
irreversible to cytoplasm components
nuclear shrinkage
non-lethal DNA damage