Module 2 - Study Guide Terms Flashcards
Not All Cards In !!! (74 cards)
1
Q
Capitalism
A
- Began and never stopped growing
- Putting money into a project that you hope would make a profit, then re-invested for infinity
- Private, individual profit
- Attitude of the West
- Wealthy people
2
Q
Mercantilism
A
- Merchant trade
- An early focus of capitalism
3
Q
Colonialism
A
- The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploring it economically
4
Q
Joint-Stock Companies
A
- The first modern corporations
- Maximize import profit
- Have huge political and military power
- Indian Ocean Zone
- Stockholders and shareholders
5
Q
English East India Company
A
- Hard to get people to want to move
- Become less free than they are in England
- Get the right to become primary slave-traders
6
Q
Dutch East India Company
A
- Founded by James Coen
- No trade without war, no war without trade
- Pioneer of capitalism and trade
- First public trade company (stocks and shares)
- Established a monopoly over much of the Indian Ocean Trade
7
Q
Dutch Indonesia
A
- Dutch East India Company
- First publicly traded company
- Colonizes Indonesia
- Challenges Portugal
8
Q
Virginia Colony
A
- Becoming important in the slave trade
9
Q
Massachusetts Bay Colony
A
- Becomes financial and transportation supplier to southern plantations
10
Q
Puritans
A
- English Protestants
- 16th and 17th centuries
- Did not like the reformation of the church of england
11
Q
Sugar Islands/ Plantation Complex
A
- The Caribbean Islands
- Cash crop
12
Q
Staple Crops
A
-Tobacco, Sugar, Rice
13
Q
Kingdom of the Congo
A
- Became fairly rich thanks to Western trade
- Traded with the Portuguese
- King Afonso Converted to Christianity
- Became rich but unstable
- Weapons for slaves
14
Q
Transatlantic Slave Trade
A
- A component of the Triangular Trade
- People from Africa would be shipped to America to work on the sugar, tobacco, and cotton plantations
15
Q
Slave Society
A
- Worked the plantations in America
- They became good at financing the purchases of one another
- The idea of race began here
- 10 million slaves
- Slavery becomes biological
- Reduced the need for new imports
16
Q
Atlantic System or Trade Triangle
A
- Between America, Britain, and Africa
- Slaves and goods went back and forth
17
Q
New France
A
- The area colonized by the French in North America
18
Q
Absolutism (or Absolutist Monarchy)
A
- A single ruler “Monarch”
- Benefits everyone in the kingdom
- Unity, authority, no committees
- God is an absolute monarch
The most rational, efficient, effective way to guarantee security and prosperity for everyone in a state - Associated with France
19
Q
King Louis XIV of France
A
- Absolute monarch
- “The Sun King”
- Abandons any consultation with nobility
- Gives France huge military victories and trade expansion
- Under-tax the wealthy to avoid representative assemblies
20
Q
Social Contract
A
- You have agreed that it is better to have government than to not
- The natural condition of man is war against each other
21
Q
Thomas Hobbes
A
- “Wealth is power; power is wealth”
- Wrote “The Leviathan”
- Explained why you actually need government
- Wants an absolute monarch
- Need someone to rule over us
22
Q
Constitutional Monarchy/ Constitutionalism
A
- Limited Monarchy
- Monarchy is a good thing
- The king still needs to be put in his place
- John Locke -> we should have the opportunity to change the government -> life liberty and property -> natural rights
- Share with the wealthy
23
Q
Republic
A
- A group of well-educated, wise, wealthy men
- Influenced by Italian, Swiss, and Roman/Greek thought
- Get rid of the monarchy
24
Q
Dutch Republic
A
- The Netherlands
- Declares independence from Habsburg Spain
- Appoints a “stadholder” from Holland (taxes) -> turns into a kingship
- Central authority was too weak
25
(English) Parliament
- Governed by a monarch and the parliament
- Parliament actually rules
- Based off of the French word for talk
- Fired the king
26
English Bill of Rights (1689)
- Makes sure Parliament is supreme
- The rules for being king
- William and Mary
- Parliament: military, taxes, right to bear arms, freedom of speech, suspending laws
27
John Locke
- The Second Treaty of Government
- We should have the opportunity to change the government
- Life, liberty, property
- Constitutional Monarchy
- One of the founding fathers of liberalism
28
"Life, Liberty, Property"
- The rights that John Locke says the people should be allowed to have
- "Natural Rights"
29
National Debt
- War and trade expand together (Britain)
- Government support for commerce and businesses comes from the Bank of England
- Provides cheap capital
- Helps fund expanding military power
30
Fiscal-Military State
- Economic model is based on the sustainment of its armed forces
- High taxes
31
Seven Years' War
- A three continent struggle between Britain and France
- Major victory for Britain
- Dominate Indian trade and all of France's American land east of Mississippi -> parts of India
- Leads directly to the American Revolution
32
Enlightenment
- The questioning of authority and tradition by the individual
- Liberalism
- The use of the mind to understand a master a universe that is orderly, logical
- If everyone uses their reason, there will be peace and harmony
33
"Reason" (the 18th century sense of the term)
- The use of the mind to understand and master a universe that is orderly, logical
34
Isaac Newton
- Showed how a set of simple "laws" that explained the mechanics of matter
- Gravity is both universal and simple
- makes the universe more rational
35
Natural Laws
- Apply at all times and places
- Like gravity
- John Locke
- Trump scientific religious teachings
- Can challenge existing power
36
Rene Descartes
- Don't trust anything but your mind
- "I think therefore I am"
- Everything is an illusion
- The only true thing is the mind
- Your inner eye must exist
37
Voltaire
- French Philosophes
- Question authority and privilege
- Thinks the church is full of hypocrisy
38
French Philosophers
- Question authority and privilege
- Ex: Voltaire
- Want to categorize, classify, define
39
John Locke
- Empericist
- Your mind is blank until you fill it with data from the world
- Doubts the French and Descartes
- The language had to come from somewhere not your mind
40
Natural Rights
- Life, liberty, property
- Put there by "Nature's God"
- Enlightenment thinkers claim to discover these
41
Deism
- A distant God of order
- Not the Christian God
- Winds up the clock then steps back
42
Unitarianism
- Denial of the Trinity
43
"Nature's God"
- Put the ideas of natural rights into the world
- Life, liberty, property
- A distant God of order
- Deism
- Not the Christian God
44
Great Awakening/ Evangelical Revival
- Revivals across Britain and America
- Key leaders: John Wesley and George Whitefield
- The thought that Christianity is personal
45
John Wesley
- Most famous leader in Britain
- Protestant who tried Catholic methods
- "Methodists"
- True Christianity is knowing Jesus in your heart
- Heart became "warmed"
46
George Whitefield
- Preaches a personal message of the Gospel
- Mostly in America
- First person to become known in all 13 colonies
47
Race
- Helps us understand reality
- Emerges around the 18th century
- Used to mean "group"
- Groups humans into distinct, water-tight groups
- An Enlightenment idea
- No scientific proof
- One drop of black blood makes you black
48
Ethnicity
- Ethnic group
- People who share a sense off solidarity with one another
- People who share a common history
- Not determined by your biology
- black = skin color
- Black = from Africa
49
Russia:
| Slavs/ Slavic Peoples
- The people that originally lived in Russia
| - Invaded by the Rus
50
Russia:
| Eastern Orthodox Church
- Orthodoxy
- Adopted by the Rus
- "Correct Praise"
- What you sing, pray, worship is what you believe
51
Russia:
| Rus People
- "Red"
- Vikings from Scandinavia
- Settle along the major river systems
- Invade the Slavs
52
Russia:
| Muscovy
- Moscow
- The capital of Russia
- Broke from the Mongol rule
53
Russia:
| Ivan IV
- The Terrible
- Officially adopts the title of tsar
- Begins a large expansion over Eastern Europe
- Birth of the Russian state
- Says he is an heir of the Byzantine Empire
54
Russia:
| Tsar
- Ceasar or Roman Emperor
- Russian ruler
- First one: Ivan the Terrible
55
Russia:
| Romanov Dynasty
- Renew the government
| - Rule until Communism takes over
56
Russia:
| Peter the Great
- The greatest of the Romanovs
- Wins war against Sweden
- Brings science and engineering
- Initiates serfdom
- Looks to expand East
57
Russia:
| Catherine the Great
- Gains access to the Black Sea
- Wants to retake Constantinople
- The Ottoman Empire
58
Russia:
| Serfdom
- The state of being a laborer
- Bound by a plot of land
- Served the landlord
59
Russia:
| Russian Conquest of Serbia
- Sponsored by the Romanovs
60
Britain in India:
| East India Company
- The actual military leaders of France and England
- British begin to take over the French
- English company began to take over India
61
Britain in India:
| Battle of Plassey
- 1757
| - British East India Company takes control of Bengal
62
Britain in India:
| Anglo-Mysore Wars
- 1767 - 1799
| - British East India Company defeats southern Indian confederation
63
Britain in India:
| Anglo-Maratha Wars
- 1775 - 1818
| - British East India Company defeats central Indian confederation
64
The Qing in China:
| Qing Dynasty
- 1644 - 1911
- Established by Manchuria
- Ran the Ming out
- Restricted foreign trade
- Banned Christians
- Limited ports to Canton
65
The Qing in China:
| Machus
- From North China
| - Establish the Qing dynasty
66
The Qing in China:
| Emperor Kangxi
- Ruled 1661-1722
- Wealth and agricultural growth
- Territorial expansion: Mongolia, Tibet, Central Asia
67
The Qing in China:
| Canton System
- Treaty Port
- Suspicious of outside trade
- Keep them in the Hong
68
The Qing in China:
| Matteo Ricci
- One of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions
69
The Qing in China:
| Jesuits
- Relations between China and the Western world
70
Acts of Union 1707
- Merger of England and Scotland to create "Great Britain"
71
Enlightened Absolutists
- Frederick the Great of Prussia
72
Evangelicalism
- Not the same as evangelism
73
"Second Birth"
| "Heart Religion"
- Key concepts of Evangelicalism
74
Russia:
| Russian Conquest of Siberia
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