Module 3 - Study Guide Terms Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
The American War of Independence (1776 - 1783)
A
- 13 out of the 26 colonies rebelled
- The colonies were not similar to one another
- The USA was created through the war -> not the aim
- Wanted to preserve existing political rights -> alliance against British Government -> thought was to create sovereign states
- After this failed, unity was the only option
2
Q
“No Taxation Without Representation”
A
- The amount did not matter
- Who was authorizing the taxes did
- Done in colonial assemblies
3
Q
The American Declaration of Independence
A
- 1776
- The creation of our country
- Not looking to create the US by starting a war with Britain -> accidental outcome
4
Q
States (in the American sense of the term)
A
- Places that govern themselves independent of one another but are held together under a central government
- Sovereign
5
Q
Articles of Confederation
A
- The original constitution of the US
- When ratified in 1781, turned into the American Constitution
6
Q
American Constitution
A
- Opposed by some of the Founding Fathers
- Did not think that there needed to be a stronger form of government
- Stronger central government
7
Q
American Bill of Rights
A
- The first 10 amendments to the Constitution
- Federalists did not think this was necessary
8
Q
George Washington
A
- First President of the US
- Fought against the French and the British
- One of the Founding Fathers
9
Q
Thomas Jefferson
A
- Founding father
- Main author of the Declaration of Independence
- Third US President
10
Q
Republicanism
A
- Foundation of the American government
- Citizenship in a state organized as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty
11
Q
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A
- Freedom can only be found together not individually
- “Fraternity”
- Man is born naturally free
- Develop a common mind
- Rise up against the government
12
Q
Louis XVI
A
- French King during the Revolution
- Calls the Estates-General meeting
- No one has done this since 1613
13
Q
Estates-General
A
- Kind of like the Parliament of France
14
Q
Third Estate
A
- Walked out of the Estates-General meeting
- Composed of all of the common people
- Created the National Assembly
- Makes France a Constitutional Monarchy
15
Q
National Assembly
A
- The Third Estate
- Walked out of the Estates-General meeting
16
Q
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
A
- Not a constitution but a working manifesto
- Turn France into Britain by centralizing power
17
Q
Jacobins
A
- Seized control of France with Robespierre
18
Q
Maximillian Robespierre
A
- Instituted a “Reign of Terror” over France
- Extremely radical
- First modern dictator
- Tyranny
19
Q
“The Terror” and the Radical Revolution
A
- How Robespierre ruled over France
- The revolutionary army became stronger than the government and took over
20
Q
French Revolutionary Wars
A
- Napoleon Bonaparte became the head of the army
- Military takes over the government
21
Q
Napoleon Bonaparte
A
- Leads the revolutionary government
- Invaded Egypt to block British access to India
- Begins to defeat everyone
- Takes over France
22
Q
Napoleonic Empire
A
- Ruled by Napoleon
- In France
- Military Coup
- The most unified that Europe has been since Charlemagne’s empire
- Rewrites France’s law code
23
Q
Napoleonic Wars
A
- The last of the great wars between Britain and France
- The biggest war before WWI
24
Q
Creole Elites
A
- Local born, but with Spanish “ethnicity”
- To scared to start a revolution
25
Peninsulars
- People from Spain
- Tax-collectors, soldiers
- Rule in the name of the Spanish king
- Self-govern
26
South American Wars of Independence
- Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Miranda want to have a "United States of America"
- Venezuela was the first South American nation to be independent
27
Simon Bolivar
- Admires Jefferson
- Wants a "United States"
- Venezuela
- After Miranda
- Leads independence across Spanish "New Granada"
- The "Republic of Gran Columbia"
28
Francisco de Miranda
- Venezuelan independence
- Before Bolivar
- Believes in revolution
29
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
- "New Spain" -> Mexico
- Along with Father Morales
- Mobilized the mestizo
- Enact a political and social revolution
30
Haitian Revolution
- The most radical revolution
- Mix of French, slaves, mixed, freed
- L'Ouverture -> slaves rebel -> burn, kill
- Napoleon lost Haiti
- Nap. liquidates North America
- Inspires slave revolts in the US
31
Toussaint L'Ouverture
- Agreed to ally with the French Revolutionary army
- 1792 - promised abolition of slavery
- Became governor of this independent state (Haiti)
- Encouraged slaves to rebel
32
Anti-slavery Movement
- Haitian revolts inspire riots in the US
- Whites get scared
- US says that Haiti is not a country
- Is slavery worth the cost and danger?
33
1848: The Year of European Revolutions
- Many attempted revolutions across Europe
34
Conervatives
- A person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values and attitudes, typically in relation to politics
35
Political Liberty
- Free participation in a market economy
| - Property rights
36
Civic Liberty
- Free speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, freedom of the press
- Not about voting and government
- Strong part of capitalism once industrialization starts
37
Personal Liberty
- The right of individuals to make choices and take actions and be free from other people's hindrance
- Brings us closer to where we are today
38
Social Liberty
- The right of individuals to be free form environmental restrictions on their freedom to reach their potential
- Poverty, bad health
- What's holding a person back today
39
Liberalism
- Early: applied to whites only
- France was the first country to introduce it
- Should have allowed non-property owning men and women to have freedoms
40
Democracy
- A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
41
Olympe de Gouge
- One of the most influential women in France
- Instrumental in the French Revolution
- Revolution will only be real when women are liberated
- Men cannot solve their problems until the problems of women are solved
42
Mary Wolstonecraft Shelley
- Author of Frankenstein
43
Seneca Falls Confederate
- Elizabeth Caddy Stanton -> used American constitutional language to protest patriarchal government without consent
- Started this conference
- The firs women's rights conference
44
British Industrial Revolution
- Britain was the first industrial nation
- Started with the cotton industry
- Soars from 3% of all cotton to 23% of all cotton
45
Mechanization
- The process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery
46
Factories
- Made with the machines in mind
- Very dangerous
- Workers lose ownership of their work
47
Industrial Capitalism
- Applied to manufacturing
- Not just trade
- Workers using wages to purchase necessities thus generating more industry
48
Cotton Industry
- First got bigger and better in Britain
- Completely reverses the balance of wealth in the world
- GB went from 3% of production to 23% of production
49
Steam Engine, Railroads, Steamships
- Advancements that helped to bring in the concept of time
| - Were powered by more than just humans
50
Urbanization
- Cities become the norm
- Jobs are located in the cities
- People go to the jobs
- New division between work and leisure d
51
Free Trade
- International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions
52
Protectionism/ Protective Tariffs
- The British government banned foreign textile imports in 1700
- British manufacturers had a monopoly
53
"The American System" or "The List System"
- Create a strong sense of "national" identity
- A strong, centralized government with a unified "national" identity to give legitimacy to what will be an incredibly disruptive, controversial and costly process
54
Nation
- Did not exist until the Middle Ages
- Presumed to be the same as the "sovereign state" in which we live
- We like the people who live in our boarder, and do not like those who don't
- Used to refer to a "people group"
- Was cultural; not like a sovereign state
55
Nation-State
- Countries (today)
- People should live in boarders and think of themselves as one group
- Equal citizenship rights to all who will uphold the law and who share a set of common ideals
56
Nationalism
- Every nation ought to have its own state
| - People fight for their own national independence based on their national identity
57
Civic Nationalism
- Sovereign states previously under the management of an elite turn themselves into a "nation" - states promising equal citizenship rights to all who will uphold the law and who share a set of common ideals
- France, Britain, US
- Ethnic distinctions do not matter; about rights and responsibilities
- Still exclude the "wrong type" of people
58
Ethnic Nationalism
- Peoples living in multi-ethnic states campaign/fight for national independence based on their "national" identity
- Mid-19th century Habsburg,Ottoman, and Russian Empires
- Splitting away
59
Unification of Germany
- Otto von Bismarck
- Speaking states into Germany
- 1871
60
Otto von Bismarck
- Unification of Germany in 1871
| - From Prussia
61
Unification of Italy
- 1871
- Italian-speaking states into Italy
- Reunification nationalism
62
Theodore Herzi
- The founder of Zionism
63
Zionism
- Political movement
- Not religious
- Deals with the Jews
- Largely secular, non-religious Jews
64
Imperialism
- A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
65
Demographic Imperialism
- The first form of Europeans taking control
| - Many Europeans moved, created, and filled up new countries
66
"White Settler Colonies"
- Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada
67
Social Darwinism
- Application of Darwinism to people
| - Survival of the fittest
68
"Civilizing Mission"/ "The White Man's Burden"
- Rudyard Kipling
- Poem about the Philippine American War
- Racial
- Became an euphemism for imperialism
69
The British Empire
- Victory in 1815 over France gives it 60+ years of almost uncontested global power
- Controls 1/4 of the world by 1920 -> largest empire ever
- Industrial revolution helps
- Dominates financial system
70
"Informal Empire"/ "Empire of Free Trade"
- India
| - The East India Company
71
Opium Wars
- Britain vs. China
- China should open its boarders to freer trade
- Forced China to trade with other parts of the world
- Weakened China's economy
- China gives Britain Hong Kong
72
French Indochina
- Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Sub-Saharan Africa
- Second-largest empire builder
- Want to catch up with Britain
73
Establishment of British Raj, 1857
- Gave Great Britain direct rule over India
- Rule transferred to the crown
- Queen Victoria became the empress
74
"Scramble for Africa"
- The occupation, division, and colonization of Africa by Europe
- British had the most
75
Berlin Conference Camp; the Partition of Africa
- 1884-5
- The highpoint of European imperialism
- Split Africa between the European countries
76
Anglo-Boer War
- British use a concentration camp against the Boers
- Descendants of the Dutch in Africa
- Genocide
77
Indian Removal Acts
- 1830s
- Native American groups were replaced with cotton plantations
- In the south
78
American-Mexican War
- American settlers illegally immigrated to Mexico
- Launch a revolution to create Republic of Texas
- Mexico tried to close, police boarders
79
Manifest Destiny
- US has divine mission to bring civilization, technology, and liberty to barbarian lands
80
American Civil War
- Slave labor or free people?
- Anti-slavery: stopping expansion, not abolishing it
- 10 southern states secede
- Confederate States of America
- Not about slavery but to defeat and reincorporate the CSA
- First Total War
81
Abraham Lincoln
- First Republican President
- New birth of a new nation
- Emancipation Proclamation
- Nationalist
- Father of the America that we know
82
Emancipation Proclaimation
- Slavery is abolished in the CSA by Lincoln in 1863
| - How does that work?
83
Segregation ("Jim Crow Laws")
- State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States
- After reconstruction
- "Separate but equal"
84
British North America Act (1867)
- Creation of the Dominion of Canada
- 3 British colonies merge as the Dominion of Canada with autonomy from Britain, to stop newly united industrialized US taking over
85
Caudillos
- Military dictators who offered stability by repression
| - In Central and South America
86
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
- Most famous caudillo
| - President of Mexico 11 times
87
Porfirio Diaz
- Modernizer
- Rules with an iron hand
- Helps to produce more raw materials
88
War of the French Intervention
- Invasion of Mexico by France
- Extending the influence of Imperial France
- Crushed native populations
89
The "Second Conquest" of Latin America"
- Leaders argue inferior "races" and cultures need to be repressed
- Argentina encouraged millions of European immigrants to inject "better" blood
90
Trade/ Labor Unions
- An organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals, such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages and benefits
91
Social Liberalism
- Government intervention to help individuals overcome their social disadvantages
92
Welfare State
- Introduced for a variety of reasons in the late 19th early 20th century
- Not just in socialism
- A direct outcome of living in a non-socialist system
- Introduced in the late-19th century
- Otto von Bismark was one of the first
93
Karl Marx
- The Communist Manifesto
- Marxist Communism
- Sometimes calls himself a socialist
- Generated from reading, philosophy, and reasoning
94
The Communist Manifesto
- Written by Karl Marx
| - Outlines Marxist Communism
95
Socialism
- Based on justice, efficiency, power, ethics
- Economy should be collectively owned
- Misconceptions: big government, government services, welfare
96
State/ Government Socialism
- State owns the means of production, distribution, and exchange, esp. big industries/ infrastructure
- Central planning of economy to minimize waste
- Can be non-democratic or democratic
97
Nationalization of Industry
- The process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state
98
Communism
- A political theory derived from Karl Marx
- Advocates class war and leads to a society in which property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
99
Mexican Revolution (1911 - 17)
- Ended dictatorship in Mexico
- Set up a constitutional republic
- Against Porfirio Diaz
- Francisco Madero becomes leader
