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PSY 1101 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of the nervous system

A

-brain (CNS)
-spinal cord (CNS)
-nerves (PNS)

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2
Q

Brain fun facts
-weight
-% water
-% fat
-% body weight
-% energy

A

-3lbs (adult), 1lbs (infant)
-78% water
-10% fat
-2% total body weight
-20% energy

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3
Q

How long is the cerebral cortex when stretched out?

A

2.5 square ft

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4
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain has more neurons?

A

the left hemisphere has 186 million more neurons than the right hemisphere

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5
Q

What does the left brain do?

A

-logic
-language
-math
-science

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6
Q

What does the right brain do?

A

-creativity
-intuition
-art
-music

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7
Q

How many neurons does a human have?

A

~10 billion neurons

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8
Q

Can neurons regenerate?

A

no

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9
Q

3 diff neurons + direction of propagation

A

-sensory (body-brain)
-interneuron (between neurons)
-motor (brain-body)

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10
Q

What are glial cells?

A

-provide support, structure, nourishment and insulation for neurons

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11
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

-autoimmune disease
-attacks the myelin in the CNS
-nerve impulses are shortcutted = wide range of symptoms

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12
Q

How is the intensity of a sensation or response varied?

A

it is dependent on the number of neurons firing

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13
Q

What is the serotonin pathway in the brain?
+ draw

A

Starts
-under pons
-midbrain

travels
-up and around front to back

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14
Q

What is the dopamine pathway in the brain?
+ draw

A

Start
-under thalamus

Travel
-Central (corpus collasum)
-up and toward the front of the brain

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15
Q

3 neurotransmitters were looked at in class

A

-Acetylcholine (Ach)
-Serotonin (5HT)
-Dopamine (DA)

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16
Q

What does the Ach neurotransmitter induce?

A

-muscle, memory, learning

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17
Q

How does the variation of the Ach neurotransmitter function in the body affect humans?

A

low =
-Alzheimers
-anesthetic blocker

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18
Q

What does the DA neurotransmitter induce?

A

-movement, learning, attention, emotion, pleasure

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19
Q

How does the variation of the DA neurotransmitter function in the body affect humans?

A

low = Parkinsons
high = schizophrenia

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20
Q

What does the 5HT neurotransmitter induce?

A

-mood, hunger, sleep, arousal

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21
Q

How does the variation of the 5HT neurotransmitter function in the body affect humans?

A

low = depression + anxiety

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22
Q

What are the leading causes of SIDS?

A

-low serotonin
-stomach sleeping

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23
Q

Agonists, what do they do?
=what do
-info

A

=mimic to enhance
-a drug for Parkinson’s
-heroin bind to opioid receptor

=prevent reuptake = synapse flood
-cocaine
-SSIR

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24
Q

Antagonists, what do they do?
=what do
-info

A

=bind to the receptor (impede, block)
-a drug for schizophrenia

=block at the muscle receptor
-cocaine
-surgery

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25
Which enzymes destroy serotonin in the synaptic clef?
-MOA -COMT
26
How to treat depression?
SSRI -selective serotonin reuptake inhibition -increase 5HT to prevent reuptake ex = Prozac, Celexa, Cipralex, Zoloft MAOI -monoamine oxidase inhibitors -increase 5HT by MOA to not breakdown ex = Nardil, Emsam, Parnate
27
Reflex
-impulse doesn't go to the brain
28
Arousal reflex
-spinal cord disconnect -reflexes not mediated from the brain still occur
29
6 techniques to study the brain
-lesion technique -TMS -EEG -MRI -PET -fMRI
30
Lesion technique + special case
make lesions by chemical, cold, electric =Tan's Brain -donated brain that helped figure out speech part of brain
31
TMS -transcranial magnetic stimulation
=temporary lesion with a magnetic field -interrupt the signals of a very specific part of the brain
32
EEG -electroencephalogram
=brain activity measured by electrodes -observe specific patterns in response to a stimulus
33
PET -position emission tomography
=identifies active areas of the brain by looking at radioactive glucose -hot spots -good for early diagnosis of Alzheimers
34
MRI -magnetic resonance imaging
=magnet aligns atoms in the brain, signal can be seen as a shape and structure
35
fMRI -function magnetic resonance imaging
=give the patient something to do and watch areas of the brain used
36
division of the brain (3 parts)
-forebrain -hindbrain -midbrain
37
How is the brain like an archeological dig?
-the lower we go the older it is
38
3 components of hindbrain =name -info
=pons -connect the brainstem to the cerebellum -visual info to eye + body movement -sleep + wake cycle -balance + coordinate movement =medulla -brain to the spinal cord -heartrate -breathing =cerebellum -incoming from where -outgoing what do -regulates muscle tone
39
Ataxic cerebral palsy
-motor disorder (fine + gross) -not inherited + non-progressive -damage to the cerebellum -80% in utero -20% perinatally
40
Midbrain -info
-uppermost part of the brainstem -some reflexes -eye + voluntary movements
41
Forebrain -info + 5 parts
-the largest part of the brain =cerebral cortex =thalamus =hypothalamus =hippocampus =amygdala
42
Thalamus
-integrates all sensory info EXCEPT olfactory to the cerebral cortex -regulates sleep
43
Basal ganglia
-wrapped around the thalamus -contains dopaminergic neurons -if neurons die = Parkinson's disease
44
Limbic system -info -parts
-memory, emotions, decisions, motivation =cingulate gyrus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus
45
Hypothalamus
-maintain homeostasis -endocrine to brain -the major control center -eat, drink, sex -reward center
46
How are the hypothalamus and homosexuality linked in rams?
-correlation, not causation -gay rams and sheep have a smaller hypothalamus and less testosterone than straight ones
47
Amygdala
-emotion -evaluation of threats -small/damage = docile -large/stimulated = fight/flight
48
Cerebrum
-two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum -cerebral cortex and basal nuclei -controls perception, memory, high cognitive -4 hemispheres (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
49
cerebral cortex =4 hemispheres -info
=frontal -planning, motor, personality, attention, problem-solving =parietal -secondary visual, somatosensory =temporal -primary auditory, memory =occipital -primary visual
50
motor cortex via homunculus =what does the motor have but the sensory does not
-control purposeful movement =ankle =eyebrow =wrist =swallowing
51
somatosensory cortex via homunculus =what does the somatosensory have but the motor does not
-feel and sense =foot =leg =hand =nose =teeth =gums
52
What is the production of language diseases? + 2 versions
Aphasia =Broca's area -frontal lobe -not fluent production of words =Wernicke's area -temporal -produce words but incomprehensible
53
Who survived personality and impulse control damage to their brain?
Phineas Gage -damage to the frontal lobe -rod through the head but survived
54
What is it called to damage the sensory area of the brain? + 2 types
Agnosia -can't identify familiar objects =visual agnosia -can recognize by sound and touch but not by sight =prosopagnosia -inability to identify faces
55
What is unilateral neglect syndrome?
-damage to the cortex -systematic neglect of the contralesional side -can only sense things on their left side if explicitly drawn to it
56
What is a split-brain?
-damage to the corpus callosum -no communication between hemispheres
57
3 divisions of the cerebellum + function
=spinocerebellar -motor and fine-tuned movement =vestibulocrebellar -ear for posture and balance =cerebrocerebellar -connection with pons + thalamus
58
We can learn new things even as adults due to the concept of what? What occurs to compensate the new learning?
neuroplasticity -branching dendrites -increase neurotransmitters -increase receptors
59
How are the basal ganglia associated with Parkinson's disease?
-substantia nigra releases dopamine
60
What glial cells fight infections?
-astrocytes -microglia cells
61
What and where is the neocortex?
-the area for conscious thought and decision making -frontal and temporal lobes of the brain

PSY 1101 (8 decks)

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