Module 8 Flashcards
How do we define memory?
learning that has lasted, been stored and can be retrieved
Most memories are processed ______. Examples
= automatically
-last seen phone
-what page finish on
-how many times friend text
-familiar info
Certain activities like saying a colour out loud which is highlighted in a different colour are very difficult. Why and how is memory involved? What is it called?
the Stroop effect
-certain associations are so deeply ingrained in our memory
-delay in the reaction between automatic and controlled processing of info
What are memory models/theories? Example
= abstractly describe the general way the mind processes information
-diagrams
What is the information-processing model of memory?
= view the mind like a computer
-encoding (put in info)
-storage (hold/save)
-retrieval (access info)
What does the early version of the modal model of the mind look like? What is it called? Draw it ;)
multi-store model
1. sensory input
2. sensory store —–> decay
3. short-term store —–> forgetting
4. long-term store ——> forgetting
What are the problems with the multi-store model?
the probability that STM -> LTM is time = WRONG
-doesn’t always happen
-processing info is the key
What does the modern modal model look like and how does it work? Draw it
-sensory input
1. sensory memory
-attention
2. working memory (maintenance rehearsal)
-encoding
-retrieval
3. long-term memory
What is auditory sensory memory called?
How long does it last?
Echoic memory
-3-4 seconds
What is visual sensory memory called?
How long does it last?
Iconic memory
-less than 1 second
What are the core characteristics of sensory memory?
-accessible even when not intentionally inputting
-need to work on it to get it to working memory
What did Sperling’s research show, and how?
= iconic memory
-brief 9 letters, 50% letters remembered
-pitch = row, report more accurately
if you work at it, and have a cue to cause the memory to work then it will be reported back better
What does the model look like for working memory?
Draw
central executive
-visuospatial sketchpad
-episodic buffer
-phonological loop
What does the visuospatial sketchpad of working memory do?
the inner eye in the model, and it represents a place where visual and spatial information is stored and manipulated
What is the phonological loop of working memory?
where auditory and verbal information is temporarily stored and manipulated
What is the episodic buffer of working memory?
successive events that are turned into united memory
What is long-term memory and what are its key characteristics?
= stores everything that we know
-long duration
-passive
-huge capacity
What does the long-term memory model look like? Draw
LTM
= declarative (explicit)
-facts
-events
= non-declarative (implicit)
-skills & habits
-priming
-classical conditioning
What evidence is there for the rehearsal of the phonological loop?
-words with fewer syllables (remembered more)
-position curve (first few and last few are remembered more)
What can working memory do to increase its storage?
-if not rehearsed how many things can we remember?
-if not rehearsed how long can we remember?
-how to increase how many things we remember?
-parallel processing (phonological)
-7 +/- 2
-15-30 secs
-group, organize, manipulate, bits, repeat
What is the evidence for the visuospatial sketchpad?
-test of mental rotation
-house visualization
-mental scans show processing
What is dual-task performance and how does it relate to WM?
-can do two things at once as long as they don’t use the same component
What are tips for strong memory?
-practice (encoding + retrieval)
-expand rehearsal (overtime)
-organize it (levels of processing)
What are the 4 main ways of organizing?
= mnemonics
-Never Eat Shredded Wheat (north, east, south, west)…
= visualization
-associate images, diagrams…
= chunking
-grouping, bits…
= hierarchies
-number and name, most important to least…
