Module 7

Question 1

What are the 3 systems of learning?

Answer 1

-NS changes
-adapt behaviours
-environment interactions

Question 2

State the 4 types of learning

Answer 2

-habituation
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
-observed learning

Question 3

What is the definition of habituation?

Answer 3

the decline in responsiveness after repeated stimulus
-familiar = less response

Question 4

What kind of behaviour is habituation known for?

Answer 4

simple reflexive

Question 5

What does habituation demonstrate?

Answer 5

memory

Question 6

What studies tend to use habituation?

Answer 6

animal and infant studies

Question 7

What is the habituation paradigm?

Answer 7

=infants can discriminate the differences in grating density
-after the repeated shows of two different stimuli, the child becomes habituated when no longer looks for a long time

Question 8

How to recover from habituation?

Answer 8

-time = partial to full recovery

Question 9

What is the definition of classical conditioning?

Answer 9

it is a learned association between a neutral stimulus and a meaningful one

Question 10

Who is the creator/innovator/father of classical conditioning?

Answer 10

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Question 11

What are the classical conditioning parameters?

Answer 11

(US) = unconditioned stimulus
(UR) = unconditioned response

(CS) = conditioned stimulus
(CR) = conditioned response

Question 12

Who is Little Albert and what did his experiment teach us?

Answer 12

= 9-month-old, classical conditioning in humans (1920)
-listen to noise he was hearing = fear of animals shown to him

Question 13

What was Little Albert’s US and UR before training?

Answer 13

US (noise) = UR (fear)

Question 14

What was the setup for Little Albert’s conditioning?

Answer 14

CS (rat) + US (noise) = UR (fear)

Question 15

After training what were the results of Little Albert’s conditioning?

Answer 15

CS (rat) = CR (fear)

Question 16

What is second-order conditioning?

Answer 16

Using the CS1 and CR1 to create a new CS2 for CR1

Question 17

What are some real-life applications of classical conditioning?

Answer 17

-taste aversions
-phobias
-drugs

Question 18

What is the correlation between drugs and classical conditioning?

Answer 18

-addiction becomes a compensatory response
-withdrawals are worse where the drug was taken

drug + physiological effects + specific environment = CR to being in that same place

Question 19

How can classical conditioning cause extinction?

Answer 19

when there is a presence of a CS without a US then the R is lost solely to CS
-no unlearn but learn a new association

Question 20

What is the generalization of classical conditioning?

Answer 20

a CR occurs in a range of condition-like stimulus

Question 21

What is the difference between second-order conditioning and generalization?

Answer 21

second-order conditioning is intentional while generalization is an unintentional consequence

Question 22

What is discrimination of classical conditioning?

Answer 22

= the CR is very specific to the CS
-the CS is learned more thoroughly with negative contingency

Question 23

What is the difference between the generalization and discrimination of classical conditioning?

Answer 23

they are opposites
generalized CS = CR
specified CS = CR

Question 24

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 24

-an association between a behaviour and a consequence
“If I do this, then this happens”

Question 25

What are the 3 steps to a simple operant conditioning experiment?

Answer 25

1. curious behaviour observed 2. consequence to behaviour introduced 3. result = rate of behaviour increases

Question 26

How are children's complex behaviour influenced by operant conditioning?

Answer 26

-develop complex actions to get a specific desired consequence

Question 27

How would someone increase/decrease the frequency of the behaviour with operant conditioning?

Answer 27

increase = reinforce decrease = punishment

Question 28

How does the addition/ removal of a stimulus affect operant conditioning?

Answer 28

add = positive remove = negative

Question 29

When is the best time for the consequences of operant conditioning?

Answer 29

-right after the action -delay = confusion

Question 29

When is the best time for the consequences of operant conditioning?

Answer 29

-right after the action -delay = confusion

Question 30

What is the generalization of operant conditioning?

Answer 30

-push mulitple buttons to get food -superstitious behaviour arises

Question 31

What is the discrimination of operant conditioning?

Answer 31

-exact action = consequence

Question 32

What is the extinction of operant conditioning?

Answer 32

-if stop consequence then it stops the contingency

Question 33

What is shaping?

Answer 33

= use it to get desired behaviour by step-by-step rewarding and extinguishing relevant behaviour -reinforce A -reinforce B and extinguish A -reinforce C and extinguish B -only reinforce C

Question 34

How do primary reinforcers work?

Answer 34

-don't need to learn to like/want the consequence =food, air, sleep, warmth...

Question 35

How do secondary reinforcers work?

Answer 35

-learn to like by association with the primary reinforcer =money, grades, social acceptance

Question 36

Describe the 5 schedules of reinforcement. Identify the different rates of responding for each.

Answer 36

continuous reinforcement intermittent reinforcement (best->worst) (1) variable ratio - uncertain # (2) fixed ratio - certain # (3) variable interval - after uncertain time (4) fixed interval - after a certain time

Question 37

What kind of reinforcement is best for acquisition?

Answer 37

continuous ratio

Question 38

Which reinforcement would lessen the probability of extinction?

Answer 38

fixed ratio

Question 39

What does the response pattern look like for variable reinforcement?

Answer 39

-flat line -consistent work -always a chance the next time will give a consequence

Question 40

What does the response pattern look like for fixed reinforcement?

Answer 40

-parabola -relax between the moment of consequence

Question 41

What is Humphrey's paradox?

Answer 41

= resistance to extinction -longer length of fixed ratio

Question 42

Who and why was this person against operant conditioning playing a role in conditioning?

Answer 42

Skinner - thought the focus was meant to be behaviour and consequence

Question 43

What was the Tolman's rats experiment in 1948?

Answer 43

-rats though a maze -see how many errors before get out -after multiple times errors slowly decline = learning + memory

Question 44

How was there an observable fast decline in errors during the Tolman rat experiment?

Answer 44

-introduction of food -learning all along and could be better if wanted

Question 45

What is latent learning?

Answer 45

learning that is not expressed right away in an overt response

Question 46

What is the definition of observational learning?

Answer 46

-modelling and imitating behaviour

Question 47

What is social learning?

Answer 47

-similar to observational learning -learn/know without doing but witnessing social interactions

Question 48

Describe the Bobo doll study

Answer 48

-adults aggression towards doll = increase likelihood that child watching will also be aggressive with the doll

Question 49

What factors are necessary for observational learning to occur?

Answer 49

-attention -retain observation -ability to reproduce -motivation

Question 50

What factors increase the chance that observational learning will occur?

Answer 50

-model is rewarded -attractive -trustworthy -admired -powerful...

Question 51

Identify the scientists who led the field in each type of learning we discussed -classical conditioning -operant conditioning -observational/social learning -habituation

Answer 51

-Ivan Pavlov -B. F. Skinner -Albert Bandura -Evgeny Sokolov

Question 52

Thorndike’s work with cats

Answer 52

-specific actions to get out of the box -multiple trials = faster getting out

Question 53

Law of Effect -2 main concepts

Answer 53

= the consequence of behaviour influences the subsequent behaviour -satisfying consequences = more likely -discomfort consequences = less likely