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Medical Microbiology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of metabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller ones?

A

catabolism

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2
Q

what type of metabolism includes dehydration synthesis reactions?

A

anabolism

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3
Q

what type of metabolism is exergonic?

A

catabolism

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4
Q

what type of metabolism is endergonic?

A

anabolism

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5
Q

what type of metabolism involves the production of cell membrane constituents?

A

anabolism

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6
Q

what type of metabolism includes hydrolytic reactions?

A

catabolism

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7
Q

What kind of reactions involve -

  1. transfer energy
  2. transfer electrons
  3. involve oxidation and reduction
A

Redox reactions

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8
Q

A reduced molecule has gained or lost electrons?

A

gained

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9
Q

What kind of energy is lowered by the actions of organic catalysts?

A

Activation energy

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10
Q

Coenzymes are?

A

Organic cofactors

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11
Q

Ribozymes are nucleic acids that produce what?

A

ribose sugar

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12
Q

What effects the function of enzymes?

A
  1. substrate concentration
  2. temp
  3. competitive inhibitors
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13
Q

most oxidation reactions in bacteria involve what?

A

the removal of hydrogen ions and electrons

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14
Q

Fermentation of one glucose molecule by a bacterium allows for a net gain of how many ATP molecules?

A

2 ATP molecules

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15
Q

What pathway has the following characteristics?

  1. products can be used to determine the presence of Pseudomonas
  2. chemical reactions catabolize glucose
  3. alternative pathway to glycolysis
A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

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16
Q

reactions involving the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis make up what cycle?

A

the Calvin-Benson cycle

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17
Q

The glycolysis pathway is basically what type of metabolism?

A

catabolic

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18
Q

A major difference between anaerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation is?

A

the use of oxygen

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19
Q

what occurs when energy from a compound containing phosphate reacts with ADP to form ATP?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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20
Q

what involves the formation of ATP via reduction of coenzymes in the electron transport chain?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

what kind of metabolism starts with glycolysis?

A

carbohydrate catabolism

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22
Q

What occurs when all active sites on substrate molecules are filled?

A

Saturation

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23
Q

The final electron acceptor in cyclic photophosphorylation is what?

A

The original reaction center chloroplast

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24
Q

Two ATP molecules are used to initiate glycolysis. Enzymes generate molecules of ATP for each molecules of glucose undergoing glycolysis. What is the net gain of ATP produced by glycolysis?

A

2

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25
What is a cyclic series of eight reactions involved in the catabolism of acetyl-CoA that yields eight molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2?
Krebs cycle
26
The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is what?
oxygen
27
Anaerobic respiration typically uses organic or inorganic molecules as final electron acceptors?
Inorganic
28
The use of a proton motive force to generate ATP is what?
chemiosmosis
29
What kind of enzyme catabolizes substrates by adding water?
hydrolase
30
What kind of enzyme rearranges atoms?
isomerase
31
What kind of enzyme joins two molecules together?
ligase/polymerase
32
What kind of enzyme moves functional groups
transferase
33
What kind of enzyme adds or removes electrons?
oxidoreductase
34
What kind of enzyme splits large molecules?
Lyase
35
What kind of bacterium can grow in a Petri dish on a lab table?
An aerobic bacterium, anaerobic bacterium cannot withstand oxygen
36
What is technique called the involves a sterile inoculating loop moved across an agar surface in a culture dish thinning a sample and isolating individuals?
A streak plate
37
What detoxifies superoxide radicals?
superoxide dismutase
38
What is the most reactive of the four toxic forms of oxygen?
the hydroxyl radical
39
Microaerophiles that grow best with a high concentration of carbon dioxide in addition to a low level of oxygen are called?
capnophiles
40
Organisms that thrive in icy water are described as?
psychrophiles
41
What kind of microorganism cannot cause disease in humans?
Barophiles
42
What best describes an organism that cannot exist with oxygen?
Obligate anaerobe
43
What kind of medium has a known and exact chemical make up?
Defined medium
44
What kind of graph is most useful in representing population growth?
A semilogarithmic graph using a log scale on the y-axis
45
What is the best method for counting fecal bacteria from a stream to determine if it is potable?
Membrane filtration
46
What is the name of the device that directly counts microbes as they pass through a tube in front of an electronic detector?
A Coulter counter
47
What is lyphilization?
Freeze-drying
48
What is the ability to respond to changes in population density?
Quorum sensing
49
All cells require a source of what for redox reactions?
electrons?
50
Which type of toxic oxygen has electrons that have been boosted to a higher energy state?
Singlet oxygen
51
All cells recycle which essential element from amino acids and nucleotides?
Nitrogen
52
What are small organic molecules that are required in minute amounts for metabolism?
Growth factors
53
What is the lowers temp at which a microbe continues to metabolize called?
Minimum growth temp
54
Cells that shrink in hypertonic solutions such as saltwater are responding to what kind of pressure?
Osmotic pressure
55
What kind of microorganisms exist in salt ponds because of their ability to withstand high osmotic pressure?
Obligate halophiles
56
What kind of pigments protect phototrophic organisms from photochemically produced singlet oxygen?
Carotenoid pigments
57
Microbes that reduce N2 to NH3 engage in what?
Nitrogen fixation
58
Chemolithotrophs acquire electrons from organic or inorganic compounds?
Inorganic compounds
59
What type of metabolism is photosynthesis and is mediated by enzymes?
anabolism
60
What pathways have these in common? - can be anabolic processes. - can be exergonic processes. - may require energy input.
Metabolic pathways
61
Which of the following statements about enzyme reactions is TRUE? - Enzymes are reusable. - The substance acted upon by an enzyme is the product. - All enzymes are specific for only one reaction, in one direction. - The result of an enzyme reaction is the substrate.
Enzymes are reusable.
62
Heat can destroy bacteria because heat does what?
denatures enzymes by altering their tertiary structures.
63
Which energy generating reaction occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells?
Glycolysis
64
Which cycle produces all of the following? - GTP - CO2 molecules. - NADH and FADH2.
The Krebs cycle
65
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is grown aerobically in a liquid culture containing glucose. Which three metabolic products you would expect to find?
ATP. CO2. H2O.
66
To be used as energy sources, proteins must first?
be broken into amino acids.
67
Which of the molecules CANNOT be used as final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?
O2
68
Intermediary organic compounds are used as electron acceptors during what process?
Fermentation
69
The faster the generation time, the shorter the, what?
Incubation period.
70
Reproduction and death rates are equal during what growth phase?
stationary phase
71
During which stage of growth do bacterial cells cause disease symptoms to appear due to tissue destruction?
log phase
72
What conditions can have the most impact on bacterial growth?
temperature, oxygen and pH
73
Facultative bacteria can do what?
grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.
74
A soil sample is added to a culture medium that has been designed to promote the growth of the genus Histoplasma while inhibiting the growth of bacteria. This test uses a(n)?
selective medium.
75
__________ requires an input of 2 ATPs in order to produce 4 ATPs.
glycolysis
76
__________ requires light energy to take place.
photosynthesis
77
Photosynthesis is basically the opposite of aerobic __________ .
respiration
78
__________ use chemical reactions for energy and organic compounds as a carbon source.
chemoheterotrophs
79
A type of media in which the exact composition is known is called a(n) __________ media.
defined
80
Aerobic bacteria require __________ to survive.
O2
81
Using blood agar plates to test for hemolysis is an example of using a complex and __________ media.
differential
82
In the streak-plate method to isolate individual colonies, a(n) __________ is used to spread the inoculum across the surface of the plate. (2 word answer)
inoculating loop

Medical Microbiology (10 decks)

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