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OCR A level bio > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Active immunity

A

Resistance in an organism that has developed through the production of specific antibodies in response to a pathogen. It provides long lasting immunity as memory cells are produced

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2
Q

Agglutinins

A

Chemicals which cause pathogens to aggregate together, aiding phagocytosis.

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3
Q

Antibiotic

A

Chemical/compound produced by a living organism which kills or prevents the growth of bacteria

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4
Q

Antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

Bacteria that mutate to become resistant to an antibiotic. Survive and reproduce quickly passing on their antibiotic resistant

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5
Q

Antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins produced by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen triggering an immune response

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6
Q

Antigen

A

Chemical present on surface of a cell that induces an immune respomse

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7
Q

Antigen presenting cell

A

A macrophage which displays foreign antigens

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8
Q

Anti toxins

A

Chemicals produces by WBC that neutralise toxins released by pathogens

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9
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Production of antibodies by the immune system following the exposure to a weakened, or dead pathogen e.g. by vaccination

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10
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Immunity acquired from the administration of specific antibodies from another organism

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11
Q

Athletes foot

A

A form of ring worm in humans which effects the feet, cracking and scaling of the skin

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12
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Condition which the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissues e.g. lupus

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13
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic cells which have cell walls but lack organelles

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14
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

Severe form of meningitis which is caused by bacterial infection of the meninges. Complications included sepsis. Symptom: rash of purple discolouration which doesn’t fade when a glass pressed against

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15
Q

B effector cells

A

Type of B lymphocyte which divides to form plasma cells

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16
Q

Black Sigatoka

A

Fungal disease in tomato’s which caused by the hyphae, which penetrate and digest host lead cells, turning them black

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17
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes which nature in the bone marrow

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18
Q

B memory cells

A

B lymphocytes which provide immunological memory

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19
Q

Callose

A

Plant polysaccharide which contains B 1-3 and B1-6 linkages between glucose molecules. Deposited between cell walls and cell membrane in cells adjacent to infected cells, serving as defence against pathogens.

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20
Q

Chitinases

A

Enzymes which degrade chitin in fungal cell walls

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21
Q

CLONAL expansion

A

Mass proliferation of specific antibodies producing cells

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22
Q

CLONAL selection

A

Identification if an antibody producing cell with complementary receptors to the shape of a specific antigen

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23
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Disease caused by a pathogen and transmitted directly between organisms

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24
Q

Cytokines

A

Cell signalling molecules produced by mast cells in damaged tissue. Attract WBC to site of damage

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25
Q

Direct transmission

A

Transfer of a pathogen directly from one organism to another

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26
Q

Epidemic

A

Rapid rise in the incidence of a communicable disease at a local or national level

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27
Q

Expulsive reflexes

A

Coughs or sneezes initated upon irritation of the respiratory tract. They remove microorganisms containing mucus from the gaseous exchange system

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28
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic, digest and destroy cells, produce spores which can spread rapidly between organisms

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29
Q

Glucanases

A

Enzymes produced by plants which decompose glucanases, polysaccharides food in oomycete cell walls

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30
Q

Histamine

A

Chemical produced by mast cells in damaged tissue. Makes blood vessels dilate and makes their walls leakier

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31
Q

HIV

A

Infectious virus which destroys T helper cells, weakening the immune system of the body. HIV makes the individual more susceptible to opportunistic infections and can lead to AIDS

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32
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Transfer of pathogen indirectly between organisms via formites, vectors etc

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33
Q

Inflammation

A

Localised response of vascular tissues to pathogens, damage or irritants. Characterised by pain, red heat and swelling

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34
Q

Influenza

A

Common viral infection caused by family of viruses, which destroys Ciliated epithelial cells in gas exchange systems, exposing airways to the secondary infections

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35
Q

Interleukins

A

Cytokines produced by T helper cells that stimulate B cells

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36
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells which that contribute to specific immune responses

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37
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane bound organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes

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38
Q

Malaria

A

Disease caused by the protocista plasmodium which lives between two hosts, mosquitoes and humans. Causes recurring episodes of fever

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39
Q

Mast cells

A

Specialised cells in connective tissues that are important in inflammatory response,releasing histamines and cytokines

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40
Q

MRSA

A

Bacteria which is resistant to the antibiotic

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41
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Membranes lining body cavities which secrete a sticky mucous

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42
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Production of antibodies by immune system following infection

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43
Q

Non specific defences

A

Defences always present and are same for all organisms
E.g. Skin, blood clotting, inflammation

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44
Q

Opsonins

A

Chemicals which bind to and tag foreign cells, making them easily recognisable to phagocytes

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45
Q

Passive immunity

A

Resistance in an organism acquired via transport of antibodies. Provides ST immunity as no memory cells produced

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46
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing microorganism

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47
Q

Penicillin

A

First conventional effective and safe antibiotic derived from mould

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48
Q

Phagocytes

A

Specialised white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens.

Two types:
Neutrophils and macrophages

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49
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Where phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens

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50
Q

Phagolysosome

A

Vesicle In phagocyte formed by fusion of phagosome and lysosome

51
Q

Phagosome

A

Vacuole inside a phagocyte in which a foreign particle is engulfed

52
Q

Plasma cells

A

B lymphocytes which produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen

53
Q

Potato blight

A

Disease caused by fungi like protocist whose hyphae penentrate host cells, causing the collapse and decay of the leaves, fruits and tubers. Also known as tomato blight or late blight

54
Q

Primary immune response

A

Response of immune system to a pathogen when it is first encountered. Small amount of antibodies produced slowly

55
Q

Protocista

A

Group of eukaryotic, single celled microorganisms which cause disease. Digest cells and use cell contents to reproduce

56
Q

Ring rot

A

Bacterial disease in tomatos, potatoes and aubergines that results in damage to the leaves, fruit and tubers.

57
Q

Ringworm

A

A fungal disease that affects mammals, causing grey-white, circular, crustly lesions on the skin

58
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Response of the immune system to a pathogen when it is encountered for a second time. Immunological memory gives a rapid production of a large number of antibodies

59
Q

T helper cells

A

T lymphocytes with CD4 receptors on the cell surface membrane. These bind to antigens on the antigen-presenting cells and secrete interleukins

60
Q

T killer cells

A

T lymphocytes which produce perforin destroying pathogens with a specific antigen

61
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes which mature in the thymus gland.

T helper, T killer, T memory and T regulatory

62
Q

T memory

A

T lymphocytes which provide immunological memory

63
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus

A

Virus which infects many species of plants, in particular tobacco plants. It damages the leaves, flowers and fruit, and stunts plant growth

64
Q

T regulator cells

A

T lymphocytes which regulate the immune response by supressing other T cells and maintaining tolerance to self antigens

65
Q

Tuberculosis

A

A bacterial disease, caused by Mycobacterium TB and M bovis which damages lung tissue and weakens the immune system.

66
Q

Vaccination

A

Deliberate exposure of an individual to antigens from a pathogen to provide artificial active immunity

67
Q

Vector

A

Living or non living agent which transmits a pathogen between organisms

68
Q

Viruses

A

Non living infectious agents which invade host cells and take over cell metabolism, replicating them

69
Q

Adaption

A

Feature of organism which increases the chance of its survival in its environment.

Could be anatomical, physiological and behavioural

70
Q

Belt transect

A

Line along a sampled area upon which quadrats are placed a intervals to determine the abundance and distribution of organisms in an ecosystems

71
Q

Binomial system

A

Universal system of naming organisms.
First is the genus and second the species

72
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of living organisms in an ecosystem

73
Q

Classification

A

Organisation of organisms into groups

74
Q

Community

A

All the populations of different species living together in a habitat

75
Q

Conservation

A

Maintenance of ecosystems and biodiversity by humans in order to preserve the earth’s resources

76
Q

Continuous variation

A

When a characteristic can have any value within a given range

77
Q

Convention on biological diversity

A

A treaty which promotes the sustainable use and maintenance of biodiversity. One of three Rio conventions

78
Q

Convention on International trade in endangered species (CITES)

A

A treaty which regulates the trade of plants and wild animals across international borders

79
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Process which unrelated species evolve similar traits due to exposure to similar environments

80
Q

CSS

A

Scheme in England that aimed to provide financial incentives to farmers to enhance and conserve the environment- replaced by ESS

81
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

When a characteristic can only take certain values e.g. sex, eye colour and blood group

82
Q

Domain

A

Highest taxonomic rank.

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic.

83
Q

Evolution

A

Gradual change in allele frequencies within a population over time, due to natural selection

84
Q

Ex situ conservation

A

Conservation out of an organisms natural habitat. e.g. zoos

85
Q

Fossil

A

Remains of dead organisms found in rocks

86
Q

Fungi

A

Biological kingdom consisting of mushrooms and yeasts

87
Q

Genetic biodiversity

A

Measure of variety of genes that make up a species

88
Q

Habitat biodiversity

A

Measure of different habitats in an area

89
Q

In situ conservation

A

Conservation that takes place in an organisms natural habitat e.g. wildlife reserves, marine conservation zones

90
Q

Interspecific variation

A

Differences between members of different species

91
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

Differences between members of same species

92
Q

Keystone species

A

Species which has a large effect for the environment and is crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity

93
Q

Kick-sampling

A

Method used to sample organisms living on the bed of a river. Involved disturbing an area of river bed before placing a net downstream to capture released organisms

94
Q

Kingdom

A

Second highest taxonomic rank.

Prokaryotae, Protocista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

95
Q

Line transect

A

Line along a sampled area. Species touching the transect at regular intervals are recorded to determine the abundance and distribution of organisms in an ecosystems

96
Q

Monoculture

A

Growth of one crop in a given area

97
Q

Natural selection

A

Process which the frequency of ‘advantegous’ alleles gradually increases in a populations gene pool over time

98
Q

Non-random sampling

A

Sampling method which a sample is not chosen randomly

Opportunistic, stratified, systematic

99
Q

Opportunistic sampling

A

Type of non-random sampling which involves drawing a sample from part of the population that is conveniently available

100
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships between organisms

101
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationship between individuals and group of organisms

102
Q

Pitfall trap

A

Device used to catch small ground surface invertebrates. Consists of container buried beneath the ground

103
Q

Pooters

A

Device used in collection of small insects
Two tubes: one connecting holding chamber to a mouthpiece and to other in inlet tube

104
Q

Prokaryotae

A

Biological kingdom consisting of unicellular prokaryotes

105
Q

Proportion of polymorphic gene loci

A

Measure of genetic biodiversity

  • Number of polymorphic gene loci/ total number of loci
106
Q

Protocista

A

Biological kingdom consisting of unicellular eukaryotes

107
Q

Quadrat

A

Square grid of known area using sampling to discuss abundance of organisms in a habitat.

108
Q

Random sampling

A

Sampling used to avoid bias

109
Q

Seed bank

A

Storage of seeds to preserve genetic material

110
Q

Selection pressures

A

Environmental factors which drive evolution by natural selection and limit population sizes e.g. competition, predation and disease

111
Q

Simpsons index of diversity

A

A measurement of diversity which considers species richness and eveness

112
Q

Spearmans rank correlation coefficient

A

Stats test used to determine relationship between two variables

113
Q

Species eveness

A

Number of individuals of each species living together in a community

114
Q

Species richness

A

Number of different species found in an area

115
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Type of non-random sampling which populations are divided into strata and a random sample taken from each proportionate to size

116
Q

Students t test

A

Stats test used to analyse whether a significant difference between the means of data values of two pops

117
Q

Sweep nets

A

Funnel shaped net used to catch insects and other small animals

118
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Type of non-random sampling in which samples are taken from different regions of a habitat

119
Q

Taxon

A

Esch group within a phylogenetic classification system

120
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy

A

Arrangements of organisms into successive levels of classification known as taxonomic groups

121
Q

Three domain system

A

Classification system in which organism put into three domains and six kingdoms
- Carl Woese

122
Q

Tullgren funnel

A

Extract living organisms from a soil sample

123
Q

Variation

A

Differences between individuals due to genes, environment, or combo of both

OCR A level bio (10 decks)

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