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S22 - PSY1102 > Module 4: Development > Flashcards

Module 4: Development Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

Piaget - the creation of new cognitive structures to house new information

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2
Q

Adolescent egocentrism

A

adolescents’ perception that others are focused on them, their feelings and their actions

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3
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

gradual onset of impairment in cognitive functions such as memory, reasoning and judgement

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4
Q

Animism

A

Preschooler belief that stuffed toys and other inanimate objects have feelings

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5
Q

Anxious-preoccupied attachments

A

characterized by a constant need for intimacy, closeness and reassurance in intimate relationships

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6
Q

assent

A

in research ethics, the ability of children to indicate their willingness to participate in research

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7
Q

assimilation

A

Piaget - the incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures

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8
Q

attachement

A

the patterned behaviour and emotional bond one forms with primary caregivers in infancy, that’s associated with behaviour later in adult romantic relationships

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9
Q

blastocyst

A

the hollowed-out ball of cells that implants into the uterine wall, ultimately to become the developing organism and its support system

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10
Q

Cephalocaudal principle of development

A

the principle Indicating that development occurs from the head to the tail, or from top down during prenatal development

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11
Q

concrete operational period

A

Piaget - from ages 7-11, marked by increased cognitive ability in reasoning about concrete events

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12
Q

conventional morality

A

Kohlberg - where a child places value on social conventions, social order, and being viewed as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ by others

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13
Q

dementia

A

deterioration of brain function affecting cognitive processes

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14
Q

range of diseases of dementia

A

alzheimers, Lewy body, Parkinson’s

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15
Q

development

A

growth and change over time, including changes that are progressive and regressive

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16
Q

progressive changes examples

A

walking, talking

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17
Q

regressive changes examples

A

decline in cognitive function

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18
Q

disequilibration

A

Piaget - states in which cognitive structures do not agree with external realities

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19
Q

dismissive-avoidant attachments

A

characterized by strong need for independence and disinterest in close emotional relationships

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20
Q

disorganized attachment

A

attachment style of infants characterized by fear and dissociation in wanting to both approach and avoid an attachment figure - may be born out of parent abuse

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21
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal - non identical twins - when two eggs are each fertilized by different sperm cells - they share 50% of the same genetics

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22
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

pregnancy that results from the implantation of the blastocyst into one of the Fallopian tubes instead of uterine wall

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23
Q

egocentrism

A

difficulty of children in adopting the perspective of another individual, as seen in children ages 2-7 in Piagets

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24
Q

emerging adulthood

A

period of development ranging from the late teens to mid-20’s marked by exploration, instability, self-focus and exploring possibilities for one’s life

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25
equilibration
Piaget- states in which cognitive structures agree with external realities
26
fearful-avoidant attachment
attachment style in adults, characterized by a desire for intimacy contradicted by hyperawareness of potential pain associated with close relationships
27
formal operational period
Piaget's - starting at age 12 - marked by the ability to think abstractly an consider hypothetical situations
28
Some individuals never reach what stage of Piaget's cognitive development model
fourth - formal operational period
29
Heinz dilemma
kolhberg - a short story presenting a moral dilemma to assess moral reasoning
30
insecure-avoidant attachment
attachment of infants characterized by avoidance of primary caregiver upon reunion after separation - may be born of out parental disengagement with the infant
31
insecure-resistant attachment
attachment of infants characterized by being clingy after the parent returns; may be born into inconsistent parental responsiveness
32
Mental representation
Piaget - from 18-24 months infants remember and re-enact situations and events that happened previously without any ongoing perceptual supports
33
monozygotic twins
identical twins - 100% shared genetics - one egg was fertilized by one sperm then split into 2 cells
34
novelty preference
preference of infants in looking longer at new information in the environment as compared to old information
35
object permanence
an understanding that objects and individuals continue to exists even if not seen - development occurs around 9 months of age
36
period of the embryo
the time when blastocyst implant till 8 weeks after conception - the tie during prenatal development when teratogens are most impactful
37
period of the fetus
from 9 weeks after conception to birth - period of growth and minor refinements
38
period of the zygote
time from conception till 2 weeks later - implantation occurs - period of prenatal development where its mostly driven by genetic factors
39
post-conventional morality
kohlberg - someone bases moral decisions on abstract principles instead of societal expectations
40
pre-conventional morality
Kohlberg - where children think of morality as punishments and rewards
41
pre operational period
Piaget - from ages 2-7, marked by Childs increased ability to use symbols and engage in logical thinking
42
primary circular reactions
Piaget - from 1 to 4 months where infants learn about the world be repeatedly engaging in actions on their own bodies
43
proximodistal principle of development
during gestation, development proceeds from the internal organs outwards towards the extremities
44
recall memory
the ability to recount specific episodes or events from the past
45
scaffold
cognitive support offered by a teacher to assist learner to acquire new skills/knowledge - support is withdrawn once learned
46
secondary circular reactions
Piaget - from 4 to 8 months, infants learn about the world be repeatedly engaging in actions outside their bodies
47
secure attachment
in infants and adults characterized by emotional closeness and a health level of independence and exploration
48
sensorimotor period
Piaget - birth to age 2, learning that occurs through sensory and motor interactions with physical environment
49
social clock
cultural norms and societal expectations about the timing of key life events
50
socioemotional selectivity theory (SST)
theory on aging, ones perception of time impacts selection and pursuit of goals - young adults prioritize information-related goals, older adults prioritize emotion-related goals tied to relationships and well-beings
51
symbolic thinking
the ability to use symbols (language) to stand for other things (i.e complex feelings, ideas)
52
teratogens
environmental substances or agents that negatively impact developing organic, during gestation - particularly during period of embryo
53
tertiary circular reactions
Piaget - from 12-18 months - infant learn about the world through activities, actively exploring the world using different combination of items to see the outcomes
54
theory of mind
an ability that emerges around age 4, allowing people to understand others have feelings, thoughts and desires that differ from oneself
55
zone of proximal development
vygotsky - the distance between what a child can accomplish independently and what they can accomplish with assistance
56
examples of teratogens
alcohol, smoking, drugs including certain medications
57
primary characteristic of the period of zygote?
rapid cell division
58
Sleeper effect
when effects take time to appear - typically with fetal alcohol syndrome, a child may display issues years after birth
59
when was Thalidomide used?
in the 1960's for morning sickness during period of embryo
60
what was the affects of using Thalidomide during period of embryo?
the child developed shortened or malformed limbs
61
what does the Zika virus affect in a fetus in utero
a list of issues, including a small head, alterations in brain development and restricted growth while in utero and caused stillbirths
62
ecocentric speech
children talking to themselves out loud to help problem solve
63
attachment styles was from who?
John bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
64
Strange situation paradigm was created by?
Mary Ainsworth
65
social development theorists
Kohlberg, bowlby and Ainsworth
66
executive functions
high-order cognitive processes that allow us to function
67
executive functions examples
planning for the future, controlling impulses, working with informations and making complex decisions
68
personal fable
adolescents think of themselves as unique and invulnerable in risky situations
69
who discovered attachment styles in adults similarly seen in infants
Mary main
70
longitudinal research
provides unique information abut developmental processes by studying development of the same people over a long period of time
71
cross-sectional research
studying development of various ages in the same study of groups of different people which is useful for age-related change
72
what's the focus of studies on neonatal?
reflexive, involuntary and obligatory behaviours
73
what's the focus on toddlers/small children studies?
voluntary behaviours
74
what do habituation paradigms tell researchers?
preferences and when they exist but not what mechanism is responsible of those preferences
75
theory of mind is not tested with what paradigm?
Elicited imitation
76
what can a child not give in research?
consent, parent must be present

S22 - PSY1102 (4 decks)

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