Module 4 Path Continued Flashcards

1
Q

What is a blastoma?

A

Tumor thought to arise in embryonic tissue

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2
Q

Blastomas are most common in what age group?

A

children

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3
Q

Blastomas are malignant in what three areas of the body?

A
  1. Retinoblastoma-retina
  2. Heptaoblastoma-liver
  3. Neuroblastoma- neural origin
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4
Q

When do patient normally develop retinoblastoma?

A

around age 2

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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of retinoblastoma?

A

Mutation in Rb tumor suppressor genes needs 2 hits

  • Sporadic (unilateral) and Familial (bilateral)
  • Familial type leads to osteosarcoma later in life
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6
Q

What is the presentation of retinoblastoma?

A
Visual impairment (running into walls) 
Leukocoria (cats eye reflex) causes pupil to look white with pupillary light reflex
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7
Q

On histological stain of a retinoblastoma what classic things are you going to find?

A

True Rosettes (malignant cells arrange around a central lumen)

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8
Q

What is the treatment for retinoblastoma?

A

Take eye out and chemotherapy called enucleuation

if you dont take out the eye it will spread

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9
Q

What condition are pseudorosettes: not arranged around central lumen seen in ?

A

seen in neuroblastoma

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10
Q

which tumors have NO chance of malignancy?

A

Lipoma
Capillary Hemangioma
Leiomyoma

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11
Q

What tumors have small chance of malignancy?

A

Salivary gland adenoma (mixed tumor)

Benign dermoid cyst (teratoma)

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12
Q

What tumors have 100% change of malignancy?

A
FAP
HNPCC
Osteosarcoma 
Wilm's Tumor 
Retinoblastoma
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13
Q

NOTE –> MORE INFO IN CHARTS ON CARCINOGENS

A

:)

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14
Q

HNPCC is due to what?

A

DNA mismatch repair genes: MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 and PMS2

micro-satellite instability

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15
Q

What is the presentation for HNPCC?

A

Family history of right sided colon cancer at an early age

normally asymptomatic

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16
Q

What should you do as a physician to screen for HNPCC?

A

Start screening with a colonoscopy at age 25 that again has a family history of right sided colon cancer at an early age

17
Q

How many polps do you see in HNPCC?

A

1 or 2 polyps on the right side

18
Q

What do you find in the stool of a patient with HNPCC?

A

Stool is getting formed and blood mixed with stool and patient never see it.
patients are going to have iron deficiency anemia because they never see the blood.

19
Q

What is the appearance of the polys in HNPCC?

A

Sessile polys (flat with no stalk)

20
Q

Colon cancer, what side in the most common?

A

Left side and sporadic

21
Q

What are the predisposing factors and etiology of colon cancer?

A

Predisposing factors: FAP, high fat diet, low fiber, rich in refined carbs, low in vitamins A,C,E and UC/Crohn’s
Etiology: unknown

22
Q

What are the signs of left sided colon cancer?

A

Napkin ring constriction
stools come out like a pencil
bright red blood in stool
mucus and more likely to obstruct because diameter of left side is way smaller then right

23
Q

What are the signs of right sided colon cancer?

A

Symptoms: occult bleeding and fatigue from iron deficiency anemia
older male with iron deficiency is right sided so you do colonoscopy
If you have anemia = LV failure and heart failure cells

24
Q

At what age do you start screening people for colon cancer that do not have a family history of colon cancer?

A

age 50

25
Q

What do you see on histology of colon cancer?

A

Dysplastic glands invading (Adeno)

26
Q

How do you monitor response to treatment?

A

CEA

remember P CLUBS

27
Q

How do you differentiate on gross specimen cancerous ulcer vs peptic ulcer?

A

Look for margins that are heaped up or raised and thats huge for cancer ulcer

28
Q

Site of Metastasis = brain, what is the site of primary cancer?

A
Lung 
Breast 
Skin (melanoma) 
Kidney (renal cell carcinoma) 
GI 
Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Girls
29
Q

Site of Metastasis=LIVER, what is the site of primary cancer?

A
Colon 
Stomach 
Pancreas
Breast 
Lung 
P CLuBS
30
Q

Site of metastasis=bone, what is the site of primary cancer?

A

Prostate

Breast