Module 7 - 1 Flashcards
(27 cards)
What are the physiological functions of carbohydrates?
Sources of energy, energy storage, structural roles, cellular interaction, cellular identification, information transfer, and signaling.
What are the two major classes of carbohydrates?
Aldoses and ketoses.
What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates?
(CH2O)n, where n ≥3 (usually 3-6).
What are chiral carbons?
Asymmetric carbons in monosaccharides.
How is the designation of a sugar as either D or L determined?
Based on the configuration of the chiral carbon most distant from the carbonyl oxygen.
What is the reference molecule for determining D or L designation?
D-glyceraldehyde.
How many stereoisomers are present in a molecule with n chiral centers?
2^n stereoisomers.
What are epimers?
Sugars that differ at a single chiral center.
What are cyclic structures in carbohydrates?
Cyclized structures of longer carbohydrates in solution.
What are the two types of cyclic structures?
Pyran and furan ring structures.
What is the result of the reaction of an internal alcohol with an aldehyde?
Hemiacetal formation.
What is the result of the reaction of an internal alcohol with a ketone?
Hemiketal formation.
What are the monosaccharide families?
Aldoses and ketoses.
What are the physiological roles of carbohydrates?
Sources of energy, energy storage, structural roles, cellular interaction, cellular identification, information transfer, and signaling.
What is the designation of D or L relative to?
The reference molecule D-glyceraldehyde.
What is the maximum number of stereoisomers in a molecule with 4 chiral centers?
16 stereoisomers.
What is the maximum number of stereoisomers in a molecule with 3 chiral centers?
8 stereoisomers.
What are the categories of isomers within carbohydrates?
Epimers and others.
What are the common sugars?
They must be memorized.
What are the two types of hemiacetals?
Aldoses and ketoses.
What are the two types of hemiketals?
Aldoses and ketoses.
What is a pyranose?
Six-membered sugar ring
What is a furanose?
Five-membered sugar ring
What is the process of cyclization of glucose?
Involves C5 hydroxyl and C1 aldehyde
