Module 7: Ch. 19 Flashcards

Question

mutat/o

Answer 1

bone marrow

Answer 2

virus (poison)

Answer 3

a Latin word meaning crab; early reports on cancer compared the disease to a crab because of its tendency to stretch out and spread like the crabs four pairs of legs; today, cancer refers to any malignant tumor (neoplasm, oncoma)

Answer 4

one of the principal means of treatment for patients with cancer; it employs agents to kill cancerous cells that remain after surgery or in malignancies deemed inoperable

Answer 5

the two newest methods employed in the treatment of cancer

Answer 6

helps determine appropriate treatment and prognosis; anatomical site of origin, grading, and staging are classifications; cell differentiation and the invasive process are also elements of the classification process

Answer 7

they make up the majority of all cancers and are malignant tumors of epithelial tissues; epithelial tissue lines body surfaces including those of glands and organs; therefore carcinomas make up the majority of the glandular cancers and are generally found in the breast, stomach, uterus, tongue, and skin

Answer 8

a cancer of squamous epithelial tissue

Answer 9

the most common type of skin cancer; grows slowly

Answer 10

a cancer that originates in the bronchus of the respiratory tract

Answer 11

a cancer of bone

Answer 12

cancers of the blood-forming tissues

Answer 13

cancerous tumors of the lymph nodes

Answer 14

cancerous tumors arising in the hemopoietic portion of the bone marrow

Answer 15

an orderly process that ensures growth, tissue repair, and cell reproduction

Answer 16

a process in which immature cells undergo normal changes as they mature and assume their specialized functions

Answer 17

an abnormal process by which normal cells lose their specialization and become malignant

Answer 18

pertaining to a bad wandering; refers to the spreading process of cancer from one area of the body to another

Answer 19

the most differentiated and the least malignant tumors; only a few cells are undergoing mitosis, however, some abnormality does exist

Answer 20

moderately undifferentiated; more cells are undergoing mitosis, and the pattern is fairly irregular

Answer 21

many undifferentiated cells; tissue origin can be difficult to recognize; many cells are undergoing mitosis

Answer 22

the least differentiated and high degree of malignancy

Answer 23

the spreading process of a malignant tumor into adjacent normal tissue

Answer 24

the malignant cells break away from the neoplasm (new growth), invade surrounding tissue, divide, form secondary neoplasms, and then reunite with the primary tumor as growth continues

Answer 25

multiplication of malignant cells is rapid, and subsequently spread into surrounding tissues via the interstitial (situated between the cells of a structure) spaces accompanied by engulfment and destruction of normal cells

Answer 26

the process whereby cancer cells are spread from a primary site to distant secondary sites elsewhere in the body; this process usually occurs when malignant cells invade the bloodstream or lymph system and are transported to a secondary site where they become lodged and form a neoplasm

Answer 27

used for further reporting of the development and spread of cancer cells; it evaluates the spread of the tumor; this system uses the letters T (tumor), N (node), and M (metastasis) to indicate spread and uses numerical subscripts to indicate degree of tumor involvement

Answer 28

cancer in situ (limited to inner lining surface of the organ and not invading the organ)

Answer 29

cancer limited to the tissue of origin and has not spread past the tissue or organ where it started

Answer 30

limited local spread of cancerous cells, sometimes to lymph nodes

Answer 31

extensive local and regional spread of cancer, usually to draining lymph nodes

Answer 32

distant metastasis, has spread beyond the regional lymph nodes to distant parts of the body

Answer 33

malignant tumor arising in a glandular organ

Answer 34

characteristic of most cancerous cells in which there is a loss of differentiation and an irreversible alteration in adult cells toward more embryonic cell types

Answer 35

tumor composed of star – shaped neuroglial cells

Answer 36

agent or substance that incites or produces cancer

Answer 37

tumor derived from the argentaffin cells in the intestinal tract, bile duct, pancreas, bronchus, or ovary

Answer 38

cancerous tumor derived from cartilage cells

Answer 39

cancerous tumor of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 40

complex protein of high molecular weight found in the nucleus of every cell; controls all of the cell's activities and the genetic material necessary for the organism's heredity

Answer 41

enclosed within a site, sheath, or capsule

Answer 42

primary bone cancer occurring in the pelvic area or in one of the long bones; occurs mostly in children and adolescents

Answer 43

process of increasing the severity of symptoms; the time when the symptoms of a disease are most prevalent

Answer 44

cancerous tumor arising in collagen – producing fibroblasts

Answer 45

process of growing rapidly, like a fungus

Answer 46

a rapidly growing cancerous tumor of the brain

Answer 47

cancerous tumor of the brain

Answer 48

cancerous tumor originating in blood vessels

Answer 49

form of lymphoma that occurs in children and young adults

Answer 50

first virus known to cause cancer in humans

Answer 51

excessive formation and growth of normal cells

Answer 52

pertaining to the process of extending or growing into normal tissue; invasive

Answer 53

enclosed within a site; refers to tumor cells that remain at a site and have not invaded adjacent tissue

Answer 54

pertaining to the spreading process of a malignant tumor into normal tissue

Answer 55

malignant neoplasm that causes violaceous (purplish discoloration) vascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy; often seen in patients who have AIDS

Answer 56

cancerous tumor of smooth muscle tissue

Answer 57

wound; an injury, altered tissue, or a single infected patch of skin

Answer 58

cancer of the blood characterized by overproduction of leukocytes; cancer of the blood – forming tissues

Answer 59

cancerous tumor of fat cells

Answer 60

abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast; this condition seldom becomes invasive cancer

Answer 61

cancerous tumor of lymphatic vessels

Answer 62

cancerous tumor of lymphoid tissue

Answer 63

cancerous disease of lymphatic tissue; also called lymphoblastoma

Answer 64

literally means a cancerous black mole or tumor

Answer 65

cancerous tumor originating in the arachnoidal (meninges) membrane of the brain

Answer 66

agent that causes a change in the DNA of an organism

Answer 67

process by which the DNA is changed

Answer 68

cancerous tumor of muscle tissue

Answer 69

new tissue formed, such as an abnormal growth or tumor

Answer 70

cancerous tumor composed chiefly of neuroblasts; can appear anywhere but usually in the abdomen as a swelling; most often diagnosed during the first year of life

Answer 71

cancerous tumor composed chiefly of neuroglial cells and located in the cerebrum

Answer 72

cancer – causing genes; genes in a virus that can induce tumor formation

Answer 73

pertaining to the potential formation of tumors, especially cancerous ones

Answer 74

cancerous tumor composed of osseous (bone) tissue

Answer 75

pertaining to a form of treatment to relieve or alleviate symptoms without curing

Answer 76

original, initial, or principal site

Answer 77

process of rapid production; growth by multiplying

Answer 78

process of lessening the severity of symptoms; time when symptoms of a disease are controlled

Answer 79

cancerous tumor of the lymphatic system

Answer 80

cancerous tumor of the retina; although relatively rare, it accounts for 5% of childhood blindness

Answer 81

nucleic acid found in all living cells; responsible for protein synthesis

Answer 82

cancerous tumor arising in connective tissue

Answer 83

second site usually derived from the primary site

Answer 84

cancerous tumor of the testis

Answer 85

cancerous tumor of the ovary or testis; can contain embryonic tissues of hair, teeth, bone, or muscle

Answer 86

pertaining to the inability to open the mouth fully; occurs in patients with oral cancer who undergo a combination of surgery and radiation therapy

Answer 87

abnormal growth, swelling, or enlargement

Answer 88

cancerous tumor of the kidney occurring mainly in children

Answer 89

condition of dryness of the mouth; oral change caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy

Answer 90

American Cancer Society

Answer 91

adenocarcinoma

Answer 92

acquired immunedeficiency syndrome

Answer 93

acute lymphocytic leukemia

Answer 94

acute myeloid leukemia

Answer 95

breast cancer gene

Answer 96

breast self – examination

Answer 97

chemotherapy

Answer 98

carcinoma in situ

Answer 99

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Answer 100

chronic myelocytic leukemia

Answer 101

deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 102

external radiation therapy

Answer 103

environmental tobacco smoke

Answer 104

fine needle aspiration

Answer 105

Hodgkin's disease

Answer 106

internal radiation therapy

Answer 107

non-– Hodgkin's lymphoma

Answer 108

prostate – specific antigen

Answer 109

ribonucleic acid

Answer 110

stage (of disease)

Answer 111

testicular cancer

Answer 112

tumor, node, metastasis

Answer 113

testicular self-examination

Answer 114

World Health Organization

Module 7: Ch. 19 Flashcards

(160 cards)