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Chemistry 2024 > module 8 - biomolecules > Flashcards

module 8 - biomolecules Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

monomer to carbohydrates

A

sugars

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2
Q

monomer to proteins

A

amino acids

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3
Q

monomer to lipids

A

fatty acids

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4
Q

monomer to nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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5
Q

what are the 4 macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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6
Q

Carbohydrates suffix

A

-ose

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7
Q

sugar units: 1, 2, multiple

A
  • Monosaccharide – one sugar unit
  • Disaccharide – two sugar units
  • Polysaccharide – multiple sugar units
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8
Q

2 types of sugars

A

simple and complex

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9
Q

carbohydrate classification - 3 types

A
  1. carbonyl type (aldose vs ketose)
  2. carbon number
  3. stereoisomer (D vs L)
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10
Q

___ sugars are manmade, not made in nature

A

L

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11
Q

Stereoisomers of sugar groups are determined by what?

A

the last hydroxyl group

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12
Q

Stereoisomer D vs L

A
  • Right side = D – sugar
  • Left Side = L – sugar
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13
Q

All natural sugars are ___

A

D

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14
Q

Carbohydrate structure that is the open-form of the sugar

A

Fischer Projections

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15
Q

Carbohydrate structure that is the closed-form of the sugar

A

Haworth Projections

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16
Q

Differentiate between diastereomers (epimers) vs enantiomers

A
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17
Q

Fischer to Haworth

A
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18
Q

Differentiate between alpha and beta anomers in the Haworth projection

A

Alpha anomer - OH group on 1st carbon pointing down
Beta anomer - OH group on 1st carbon pointing up

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19
Q

Amino acids contain _____ and _____ functional groups

A

amine and carboxylic acid

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20
Q

the pH of an animo acid where the net charge is zero

A

Isoelectric point (pI)

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21
Q

Charge if the pH is less than the pI

A

positive

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22
Q

Charge if the pH is greater than the pI

A

negative

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23
Q

two amino acids

A

dipeptide

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24
Q

three amino acids

A

tripeptide

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25
four amino acids
tetrapeptide
26
more than 4 amino acids
polypeptide
27
______ is an amide bond linking together two individual amino acids
peptide bond
28
Which protein structure is a sequence of amino acids
primary
29
Which protein structure is the fixed arrangement of the polypeptide backbone
secondary
30
Secondary protein structure subtypes
Alpha helix (intramolecular H bonding) and beta sheet (intermolecular H bonding)
31
Which protein structure is the unique three–dimensional shape as a whole
tertiary - Caused by bending and folding of the protein backbone
32
Which protein structure is arrangement of multiple subunits into a larger structure
quaternary
33
Which protein structure is specifically tied to the biochemical function of a protein?
tertiary
34
What bonds hold together tertiary and quaternary protein structures?
- Ionic bonding between charged side chains of amino acids - Hydrogen bonding between carbonyl oxygens and N–H bonds from peptide bonds - Disulfide linkages between two cysteine amino acid residues - Dispersion forces between hydrocarbon side chains of amino acids
35
Class of biomolecules that have a low solubility in an aqueous environment.
lipids
36
3 lipids grouping by function
- Energy Storage - Membrane Structure - Chemical signaling
37
4 lipids grouping by structure
- Fatty Acids - Glycerides - Non-Glycerides - Complex
38
Fatty acid subtypes
Broken down into saturated (no double bonds) and unsaturated (double bonds)
39
Which lipids form micelles?
fatty acids
40
What are the structural characteristics of fatty acids?
- 10 – 22 carbon “tail group” (typically an even number) - Carboxylic acid “head group” - Unsaturated fatty acids typically contain cis-alkenes
41
Structurally related hormone-like biomolecules synthesized from arachidonic acid
Eicosanoids
42
What are the 3 subtypes of Eicosanoids?
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
43
_______ is the Eicosanoid type that is involved in processes of inflammation, blood flow, blood clotting, and induction of labor
Prostaglandins
44
_______ is the Eicosanoid type that is involved in allergic and inflammation responses
Leukotrienes
45
_______ is the Eicosanoid type that is involved in blood platelet aggregation
Thromboxanes
46
arachadonic acid
47
prostaglandins
48
leukotrienes
49
thromboxanes
50
Biomolecules containing a three-membered glycerol backbone with an appended fatty acid.
glyceride
51
Biological roles of glycerides
- Energy storage more energy per gram than sugars - Cell membranes lipid bilayers
52
Glyceride subtypes
- Neutral (Triglycerides) - Ionic (Phosphoglycerides)
53
Glycerol
54
triglyceride
55
phosphoglyceride
56
Non-glyceride subtypes
sphingolipids, steroids, waxes
57
sphingolipids
58
waxes
59
lipids that are bonded to other types of molecules
complex
60
complex lipid subtypes
lipoproteins and glycolipids
61
Lipoprotein types (4)
Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL
62
________ carry dietary triglycerides from intestines to other tissues
Chylomicrons
63
______ carry triglycerides from the liver
VLDL
64
______ carry cholesterol to peripheral tissue
LDL
65
______ carry cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
HDL
66
Lipids containing a bound carbohydrate that are attached to the extracellular face of cell membranes
glycolipids
67
3 roles of glycolipids
Maintain membrane stability, facilitate intercellular interactions, and can act as site for pathogens (viruses) to enter cells.
68
Major component of chromosomes
nucleic acids
69
Nucleic acids contain what 3 parts?
- heteroaromatic base - ribose sugar - phosphate group
70
Roles DNA
transcription - replication, encoding information, recombination, gene expression
71
Role of RNA
Translation - protein synthesis
72
DNA bases
Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine
73
RNA bases
Uracil Adenine Guanine Cytosine
74
2-deoxyribose
75
Ribose
76
Thymine
77
Adenine
78
Guanine
79
cytosine
80
uracil

Chemistry 2024 (12 decks)

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