Module 9: Enzymatic Reactions

Question 1

Nucleophile

Answer 1

electron rich species

Question 2

The following are examples of ________
anions, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, alkynes

Answer 2

nucleophiles

Question 3

Electrophile

Answer 3

electron poor species

Question 4

The following are examples of _______
carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, alkynes

Answer 4

electrophiles

Question 5

What do catalysts do and how do they work?

Answer 5

increase the rate at which the reaction occurs by lowering the activation energy (Ea)

Question 6

Bronsted-Lowry donors are ______ and acceptors are ______

Answer 6

acid, base

Question 7

Which acid/base type is focused on protons?

Answer 7

Bronsted-Lowry

Question 8

Which acid/base type is focused on electrons?

Answer 8

Lewis

Question 9

Lewis donors are ______ and acceptors are ______

Answer 9

base, acid

Question 10

A Bronsted-Lowry ____ always be described as a Lewis acid or base

Answer 10

can

Question 11

A Lewis acid/base ____ always always be described as a Bronsted-Lowry acid or base

Answer 11

can’t

Question 12

Which reaction type includes the addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to an electron poor species (electrophile)

Answer 12

Nucleophilic Substitution

Question 13

Which reaction type includes addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to a carbonyl containing group (esters, amides, and carboxylic acids), sulfonate group, or phosphate group.

Answer 13

acyl substitution

Question 14

Which reaction type includes substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group (not oxygen or nitrogen)

Answer 14

aromatic substitution

Question 15

Which reaction type transfers protons from one species to another?

Answer 15

Acid/base

Question 16

Which reaction type switches one group for another?

Answer 16

Substitution

Question 17

Which reaction type removes a group completely from the molecule?

Answer 17

Elimination

Question 18

Which reaction type adds a group to the molecule?

Answer 18

Addition

Question 19

Which reaction type changes the oxidation state of a group on a molecule?

Answer 19

REDOX

Question 20

Which reaction type rearranges groups within the same molecule?

Answer 20

Isomerization

Question 21

Biological catalysts are called _____

Answer 21

enzymes

Question 22

Enzymes ______ degrade over time

Answer 22

don’t

Question 23

REDOX reactions: oxidation

Answer 23

• Increase in the number of bonds to O or N
• Decrease in the number of bonds to H

Question 24

REDOX reactions: reduction

Answer 24

• Decrease in the number of bonds to O or N
• Increase in the number of bonds to H

Question 25

Enzymes are characterized by what 3 things?

Answer 25

- Efficiency – work better than typical chemical catalysts - Specificity – specific for individual chemical processes - Regulation – adaptive to different metabolic/environmental conditions

Question 26

Enzymes are large ______

Answer 26

proteins

Question 27

____ are the non-protein component required to allow an enzyme to perform its role

Answer 27

Cofactors

Question 28

______ bind within enzyme to promote enzymatic processes

Answer 28

Cofactors

Question 29

What are the 2 types of cofactors?

Answer 29

- Inorganic Ions – Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Mb - Organic (Coenzymes) – typically derived from vitamins

Question 30

What are the 6 enzyme classes?

Answer 30

Transferase Hydrolase Oxidoreductase Lyase Ligase Isomerase

Question 31

Enzymes that transfer functional groups

Answer 31

Transferase

Question 32

Enzymes that break bonds using water (hydrolysis)

Answer 32

Hydrolase

Question 33

Enzymes that catalyze REDOX reactions

Answer 33

Oxidoreductases

Question 34

Enzymes that catalyze elimination reactions (not hydrolysis or REDOX)

Answer 34

Lyase

Question 35

Enzymes that join two molecules together

Answer 35

Ligase

Question 36

Enzymes that promote structural shifts (intramolecular group transfer)

Answer 36

Isomerase

Question 37

What are the 6 reaction types?

Answer 37

Acid/base Substitution Elimination Addition REDOX Isomerization

Question 38

Transferase reaction

Answer 38

Substitution

Question 39

Hydrolase reaction

Answer 39

Acyl substitution

Question 40

Oxidoreductase reaction

Answer 40

REDOX

Question 41

Lyase reaction

Answer 41

Elimination

Question 42

Ligase reaction

Answer 42

Addition

Question 43

Isomerase reaction

Answer 43

Isomerization

Question 44

Spontaneity is determined by

Answer 44

entropy, enthalpy, temperature

Question 45

(+) delta G is ______, while (-) delta G is _______

Answer 45

(+) non-spontaneous (-) spontaneous