Module Four, Lecture Thirty Four

Question 1

What are the Three Domains of Life? ( 3 )

Answer 1

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya

Question 2

Define Koch’s Postulates…

Answer 2

Koch’s Postulates are guidelines used to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

Question 3

What are the guidelines of Koch’s Postulates? ( 4 )

Answer 3

1. The pathogen must be present in every individual with the disease
2. A sample of the microorganism taken from the diseased host can be grown in pure culture
3. A sample of the pure culture causes the same disease when injected into a healthy host
4. The microorganism can be recovered from the experimentally infected host

Question 4

What are some exceptions to Koch’s Postulates? ( 2 )

Answer 4

1. Microbes that can be cultures e.g Treponema Pallidum
2. Pathogens that can also be found in healthy subjects e.g Vibrio Cholera

Question 5

What are Microbial Pathogens?

Answer 5

Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease

Question 6

What are the stages of Microbial Pathogens? ( 4 )

Answer 6

1. Exposure to pathogens
2. Adherence to host cels
3. Invasion of host tissues
4. Disease causing damage to host tissues

Question 7

What is Pathogenic Toxicity?

Answer 7

The ability of a pathogen (like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to cause disease by producing toxins, which are poisonous substances that can harm the host’s tissues and cells

Question 8

What is Pathogenic Invasiveness?

Answer 8

A pathogen’s ability to spread and infect new tissues or organs within a host, or to spread to new hosts or environments

Question 9

What is Endotoxins?

Answer 9

A toxin present inside a bacterial cell that is released when it disintegrates.

Question 10

What is Exotoxins?

Answer 10

Potent, protein-based poisons secreted by bacteria, diffusing into the surrounding environment and causing various harmful effects

Question 11

What are the three types of Exotoxins? ( 3 )

Answer 11

1. Cytotoxins
2. Neurotoxins
3. Enterotoxins

Question 12

What are Cytotoxins?

Answer 12

Substances that have a toxic effect on cells, potentially impairing their function or causing their death

Question 13

What are Neurotoxins?

Answer 13

Substances, either natural or man-made, that disrupt the function or structure of the nervous system, potentially leading to neurological damage or diseases

Question 14

What are Enterotoxins?

Answer 14

Toxic substances, mainly produced by bacteria, that specifically affect the digestive system

Question 15

What is the difference between being Infected, and being Diseased?

Answer 15

Being infected means there is a presence of pathogens, but they are not causing damage. Being diseased is when you have symptoms of pathology caused by the expanding populations of microbes breaking up tissues inside the body