Molecular Biology Flashcards

(40 cards)

1
Q

What is DNA composed of

A

Deoxyribonucleotides

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2
Q

What are the components of deixyribonucleotides

A

A purine or pyrimidine base
A deoxyribose sugar
A phosphate group

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3
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

A molecule with all the components of deoxyribonucleotides

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4
Q

What is a nucleoside

A

A molecule with only the first two components of a nucleotide but no phosphate group

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5
Q

How many rings does a purine base have

A

it has 2 rings

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6
Q

how many rings does a pyrimidine base have

A

it only has 1 ring

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7
Q

What is DNAs primary structure

A

Its the sequence of the base pairs

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8
Q

What is DNAs secondary structure

A

Formed by the complimentary base pairing of two strands of DNA

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9
Q

How does base pairing of the secondary DNA structure occur

A

Thro hydrogen bonding between a purine and pyrimidine base that matches up to provide optimal hydrogen bonding contact

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10
Q

What does the back bone of DNA hold

A

It has the sugars and phosphates

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11
Q

What are the steps for the central dogma of molecular biology

A

Replication, transcription, translation

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12
Q

What happens during replication for the central dogma

A

DNA synthesis or copying DNA

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13
Q

What happens during transcription of the cental dogma

A

DNA provides template for production of messenger RNA (mRNA)

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14
Q

What is mRNA

A

in essence it “reads” the info in DNA and brings it to the site of protein synthesis, the ribosome

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15
Q

What happens during Translation of the central dogma

A

Process by which the info carried in mRNA is used to make actual proteins

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16
Q

What does mRNA provide for protein building

A

a template for the amino acids carried by transfer RNA (tRNA) to be build into proteins of the correct sequence

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17
Q

Reverse transcription

A

Some virus which are able to take RNA and reverse the process to create DNA

18
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

When creating new strains of DNA each new strand with always have at least one older stand as well as a newer one

19
Q

What does RNA contain as basic components

A

Same as DNA which is has a Base, sugar and phosphate

20
Q

What are the two structural differences between RNA and DNA

A

The sugar in RNA contains a hydroxyl group at the 2’ position
RNA does not contain the pyrimidine base thymine; it has the pyrimidine base of uracil

21
Q

What differs in RNA compared to DNA with its secondary structure

A

Can use either intermolecular or intramolecular base pairing while DNA only has intermolecular base pairing

22
Q

What can RNA do that DNA can not in terms of twisting and folding

A

DNA can only form double helix while RNA can Twist and fold in 3D forms to create tertiary structures

23
Q

What are the different types of RNA and what are these based off of

A
based of their functions
Messenger RNA (mRNA); carries message from DNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA); brings amino acids to ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA); part of the ribosome
24
Q

what is a Transcription event

A

production of RNA based off a DNA template

25
What is RNA-polmerase
An enzyme which binds to the DNA and finds a promoter
26
What is a Promoter that is found by RNA-polimerase
tells the enzyme that this is the start of a gene and where transcription should begin
27
What is a stop site found by RNA-polimerase
Signals the end of a gene and where transcription should end
28
What are introns
Part of RNA which are not expressed in the protein and need to be removed thro RNA splicing before translation
29
What are Exons
Part of the RNA which holds the coding regions for proteins
30
Where does a codon on mRNA pair
it pairs with the anitcodon on tRNA and determines which amino acid is attached to the peptide chain
31
How many different codons can there be
64; with a 3 nucleotide code and 4 nucleotide bases
32
How many amino acids are there
20; meaning multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
33
what is degeneracy
Its demonstrates that with the 20 amino acids, means multiple codons can code for the same AA
34
What is an operon
a cluster of genes with related functions acting as a coordinated unit and controlled by a regulatory sequence
35
What are the components that comprise the operon
1. structural genes 2. promoter 3. repressor 4. activator 5. operator
36
What are the structural genes in the operon for
code for proteins
37
what is the promoter in the operon
a region that influences the efficiency of gene transcription (enzymes recognizes where transcription should begin)
38
what is the repressor of the operon
a gene that codes for a protein which inhibits transcription of a specific gene of the operon when bound to DNA
39
what is a activator in the operon
a gene that codes for a protein which enhances transcription of a specific gene of the operon when bound to DNA
40
what is a operator in the operon
a sequence of DNA which can bind a repressor and/or an activator protein (controls when it can and can not transcript, an on off switch)