Molecular Biology II

Question 1

Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered ABO blood group via _____, they observed agglutination and there’s something within the red blood cells

Answer 1

mixing cells and serum,

Question 2

The most important blood group in transfusion
practice, main blood group in our RBCs

Answer 2

ABO GROUP

Question 3

The most important blood group in transfusion
practice, main blood group in our RBCs

Answer 3

ABO GROUP

Question 4

Individuals have antibodies in their serum
against the antigens absent from the RBCs.
When incompatible, it may result in destruction
of donor RBCs or ____

Answer 4

Transfusion reactions

Question 5

ABO inheritance follow simple

Answer 5

mendelian genetics

Question 6

ABO is inherited via ____ in expression.

Answer 6

Codominant

Question 7

The ABO genes are inherited from

Answer 7

one from each parent

Question 8

The A,B, or O gene is located on ____

Answer 8

Chromosome 9

Question 9

Group O gene is considered an

Answer 9

amorph

Question 10

The O gene is considered an ____, meaning it produces no functional glycosyltransferase.

Answer 10

“amorph” (nonfunctional)

Question 11

O blood type results from inheriting ___

Answer 11

two recessive O alleles (OO)

Question 12

Use Punnett squares to visualize inheritance patterns

Answer 12

1, 2, Offspring Genotype, Blood Types,
A A AA, AO A
A B AB, AO, BO AB, A, B
A O AO A
B B BB, BO B
B O BO B
O O OO O

Question 13

Formation of ABH Antigens: Involves Three Genes from Different Loci:

Answer 13

• ABO Gene
• Hh Gene
• Se Gene (Secretor Gene)

Question 14

These genes (ABO, Hh, Se) code for _____, enzymes that add specific sugars to a precursor substance

Answer 14

glycosyltransferases

Question 15

Formation of ABH Antigens begins during the ___ of fetal life and persists throughout life.

Answer 15

second month of fetal life

Question 16

glycosyltransferases, enzymes add specific sugars to a precursor substance_____ to form ABH antigens

Answer 16

paragloboside or glycan

Question 17

Type A: ____ is added.

Answer 17

N-acetylgalactosamine

Question 18

Type B: ____ is added

Answer 18

Galactose

Question 19

ABH antigens are synthesized by adding specific sugars to precursor substances. These precursors are forms of

Answer 19

glycans (carbohydrate chains).

Question 20

Type 1 Precursor is characterized by a ___ linkage between ___ and ____

Answer 20

β-1 to 3 linkage between galactose and N-acetylglucosamine.

Question 21

Type 2 Precursor is characterized by a __ linkage between galactose and N-acetylglucosamine

Answer 21

β-1,4

Question 22

serves as the base structure for the glycosyltransferases encoded by the ABO genes to add specific terminal sugars

Answer 22

Terminal galactose

Question 23

RBC ABO antigens are constructed from

Answer 23

Type 2 precursor

Question 24

A and B genes depend on the

Answer 24

H gene action (Chromosome 19)

Question 25

H antigen is present/ expressed

Answer 25

HH, Hh

Question 26

rare; doesn't have H antigen; no expression

Answer 26

hh

Question 27

hh is also called: ___ because it was first discovered in Bombay (Mumbai) India

Answer 27

"Bombay phenotype"

Question 28

H gene is linked ______ from ABO genes meaning that the genes that encodes for type A, B, O are different from each other

Answer 28

linked independently

Question 29

The ABO gene is located on ____ and consist of ___ exons and spans about __ to ___ kb

Answer 29

chromosome 9, seven exons, 18 to 20 kb

Question 30

Last two exons (6 and 7) of the ABO gene encode for the ___ of the ___

Answer 30

catalytic domain of the ABO glycosyltransferases (most in 7)

Question 31

is a sequence that codes something

Answer 31

Exon

Question 32

doesn't code for anything, that's why it is deleted in the mature RNA.

Answer 32

intron

Question 33

The H gene is also known as

Answer 33

FUT1

Question 34

The H gene (also known as "FUT1") codes for _____ that adds the sugar "_____" to the **terminal galactose** of **type 2** precursor, forming the H antigen

Answer 34

1, 2 Fucosyl transferase, adds fucose

Question 35

1, 2 Fucosyl transferase adds the sugar "Fucose" to the ___ thus forming the H antigen

Answer 35

terminal galactose of type 2 precursor

Question 36

The Se gene is also known as

Answer 36

FUT2

Question 37

The se gene codes for **1,2 Fucosyl transferase** that adds the sugar **Fucose** to **terminal galactose** of a ____, thus forming the ____

Answer 37

type 1 precursor, forming the H antigen in secretions

Question 38

The A gene codes for ____ which joins the sugar ___ to the terminal galactose of an H antigen

Answer 38

1, 3 N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase joins sugar "N-acetyl-D-galactosamine"

Question 39

The B gene codes for _____ which adds "____" to the terminal galactose of an H antigen

Answer 39

1,3 galactosyl transferase which adds "Galactose"

Question 40

H gene → codes for _____ + adds ___ → terminal galactose of ____ precursor = H antigen

Answer 40

H gene — codes for 1, 2 Fucosyl transferase + adds fucose — terminal galactose of type 2 precursor = H antigen

Question 41

A gene → codes ____ joins _____ → terminal galactose of an H antigen = A antigen

Answer 41

1, 3 N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase joins N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

Question 42

B gene → codes for ____ + adds ___ → terminal galactose of an H antigen = B antigen

Answer 42

1,3 galactosyl transferase

Question 43

results from any mutation in an A or B transferase gene that causes loss of **glycosyltransferase** activity and **nonfunctional enzyme**

Answer 43

Group O phenotype

Question 44

Most common Group O phenotype

Answer 44

Group 001

Question 45

(Group 001) results from a single nucleotide deletion early in the gene near the

Answer 45

N-Terminus

Question 46

Deletion in (Group 001) causes a ____ and a ____ product with **no enzyme** activity.

Answer 46

frameshift and a truncated product

Question 47

group O02 deletion and mutation

Answer 47

nucleotide deletion and nine point mutations

Question 48

Blood type that has many H antigen is Group ___

Answer 48

Group O

Question 49

ABO Antigens are **Carbohydrate structures** composed of

Answer 49

glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 50

RBC membrane proteins carry over ____ A or B or H antigens

Answer 50

2 x 10^6

Question 51

RBC membrane proteins carry over 2 x 10^6 A or B or H antigens mostly located on the ____ membrane protein called ___

Answer 51

major integral membrane protein called Band 3.

Question 52

ABO antigens can be found on other tissues like:

Answer 52

- Platelets - other endothelial and epithelial cells of: lungs, gut, urinary and reproductive tracts

Question 53

Group B is found usually in ___

Answer 53

African Americans and Asians (11% in Whites, 20% in Blacks)

Question 54

most common blood group. found in asians

Answer 54

Group A and Group O found in Asians (40-45% in whites, 50% in blacks)

Question 55

rarest blood group

Answer 55

Group AB

Question 56

Basic antigenic material of ABO

Answer 56

H antigen

Question 57

H antigen is found in greatest concentrations on the RBCs of group ___ individuals

Answer 57

group O individuals

Question 58

H antigen is detected by an anti-H antiserum made up of **lectin** ___

Answer 58

'Ulex europeus"

Question 59

ABH antigens are found on secretions of people with the __ phenotype

Answer 59

secretor phenotype (Se)

Question 60

secretes A, B, H antigen in saliva, sweat, urine, milk, tears

Answer 60

SeSe, Sese

Question 61

non secretors

Answer 61

sese

Question 62

test to determine if you are secretor gene is

Answer 62

ABH TEST

Question 63

Inheritance of "hh" gene, therefore no "H substance"

Answer 63

BOMBAY PHENOTYPE

Question 64

BOMBAY PHENOTYPE is first reported by __ in bombay india

Answer 64

Dr. Bhende in 1952

Question 65

The person can inherit A or B genes BUT has no H-substance, therefore no ABH antigens.

Answer 65

BOMBAY PHENOTYPE

Question 66

BOMBAY PHENOTYPE is caused by a mutation in the ___ which produces **Silenced gene**

Answer 66

FUTl gene

Question 67

Bombay serum contains:

Answer 67

Anti-A Anti-B Anti-AB

Question 68

Bombay phenotype is an ____ that reacts at ___

Answer 68

IgM that reacts at 37C

Question 69

Phenotypes where RBCs completely lack H antigens or have only small amounts of H antigen present

Answer 69

PARA-BOMBAY PHENOTYPES

Question 70

lacks the H antigen

Answer 70

bombay

Question 71

little presence of H antigen.

Answer 71

para-bombay

Question 72

In parabombay RBCs express weak forms of A and B antigens which are only detected in ____

Answer 72

elution techniques.