Motivation Flashcards
(23 cards)
According to Murray’s (1938) model of motivation, a ‘need’ is the discrepancy between…..
A persons actual state and desired state.
McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory suggested three basic (secondary) needs.
- Need for Achievement
- Need for affiliation
- Need for Power
Three basic (secondary needs) were measure using…
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), requiring people to tell stories about ambiguous stimuli.
Why are projective methods of measurement appropriate for motivation?
Motivation is implicit
Schultheiss (2008) suggested the 3 secondary needs could be described using?
More specific levels of description:
- Hope and fear
State differences in motivation
An individual will have a baseline level of each motivation, which can change as a reaction to external stimuli
Correlates for a high need for achievement at an individual level?
- Entrepeneurial success and innovation
- Poor leadership and management skills
Correlates for a high need for achievement at a societal-level?
- Economic growth and innovation
- Civil war and ineffective leadership
How did Bradburn and Berlew, (1962) investigate the need for achievement and economic growth?
A content analysis of popular literature was conducted to estimate the societal ‘need for achievement’ in England between 1501-1830.
Compared with a measure of economic activity using data concerning coal imports
Correlates for a higher need for power at an individual level?
- higher testosterone levels
- higher sexual activity and aggression
- Managerial, leadership and career success
Correlates for a higher need for power at a societal level?
- Increase war and arms
- Effective leadership
Spangler and House (1991) investigated the need for power and effective leadership, finding that….
‘Presidential performance’ was predicted by a higher need for power (and lower needs of achievement and affiliation).
Correlates of a need for affiliation at an individual level?
like similar others but dislike dissimilar others
Correlates of a need for affiliation at a societal level?
- Peace and disarmament
- Political scandal
How did Langer and Winter (2001) investigate the relationship between a need for affiliation and concessions?
- Participants were asked to respond a latter relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- Letters were coded for concessions and needs
Main findings of Langer and Winter (2001)
- Need for affiliation was positively related with concessions
- Need for power was negatively related with concessions.
How is a need for power associated with poor health?
The long-term the repeated activation of the fight or flight response (sympathetic nervous system)
What physiological system is activated by higher need for affiliation according to Schultheiss (2008)?
The parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest), which can be positive for health.
McCelland et al. (1982) found that in a sample of male prisoner….
Those with higher levels of need for power, experienced more illness and had weaker immune systems.
In McCelland and Kirshnit (1988) what happened to S-IgA levels after watching the Mother Teresa film?
There was a greater increase in S-IgA levels, suggesting improved immune function
What was the effect of the WW2 film on S-IgA levels in the general sample?
No significant change in S-IgA levels was observed for the general group
How did people with “inhibited power motive syndrome” respond to the WW2 film?
They showed a REDUCTION in S-IgA after watching the WW2 film, suggesting compromised immune function
