Motivation/Emotion

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met

Question 2

extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person

Question 3

intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner

Question 4

instincts

Answer 4

the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals

Question 5

instinct approach

Answer 5

approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals

Question 6

need

Answer 6

a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism

Question 7

drive

Answer 7

the psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension

Question 8

drive-reduction theory

Answer 8

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

Question 9

primary drives

Answer 9

those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst

Question 10

acquired (secondary) drives

Answer 10

those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval

Question 11

homeostasis

Answer 11

the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

Question 12

need for achievement (nAch)

Answer 12

a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones

Question 13

need for affiliation (nAff)

Answer 13

the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others

Question 14

need for power (nPow)

Answer 14

the need to have control or influence over others

Question 15

stimulus motive

Answer 15

a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity

Question 16

arousal theory of motivation

Answer 16

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Question 17

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 17

law stating performance is related to arousal, moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance that do levels of arousal that are too low or too high, this effect varies with the difficulty of the task: easy tasks require a high-moderate level, whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level

Question 18

sensation seeker

Answer 18

someone who needs more arousal than the average person

Question 19

incentives

Answer 19

things that attract or lure people into action

Question 20

incentive approaches

Answer 20

theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties

Question 21

expectancy-value theories

Answer 21

incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time

Question 22

self-actualization

Answer 22

according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

Question 23

peak experiences

Answer 23

according to Maslow, times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved; very positive emotions occur at during this, but they are different than simply experiencing joy while doing something, often people’s attention is completely absorbed by the activity that is intrinsically rewarding and the world fades away, they lose track of time, and they are extremely hard to distract

Question 24

self-determination theory (SDT)

Answer 24

theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect of the type of motivation existing for the action

Question 25

emotion

Answer 25

the "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings

Question 26

display rules

Answer 26

learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings

Question 27

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 27

theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion; stimulus->physiological reaction->emotion

Question 28

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 28

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time; stimulus->physiological experience AND emotion simultaneously

Question 29

cognitive arousal theory

Answer 29

theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced; stimulus->physiological reaction AND cognitive label->emotion

Question 30

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 30

theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion

Question 31

cognitive-mediational theory

Answer 31

theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction

Question 32

Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs

Answer 32

Listed from bottom of pyramid to top: Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, cognitive needs*, aesthetic needs*, self-actualization needs, transcendence needs* (needs with * by them were added to the list at a later time)

Question 33

common sense theory of emotion

Answer 33

stimulus->emotion->physiological reaction

Question 34

spillover effect/excitation transfer

Answer 34

arousal generated by one situation can be experienced as a different emotion in a different situation; ex. bridge study