Motivation Part 1

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

• A force that arouses directs and sustains work-related effort.
• is determined by multiple factors internal and external to an individual.

Question 2

What is the formula for performance?

Answer 2

performance = (motivation X ability) - Situational Constraints

Question 3

List the four approaches to motivation.

Answer 3

• Classic
• behavioral
• rational
• modern

Question 4

Describe the classic approach to motivation.

Answer 4

focus on how our internal needs influence our behavior

Question 5

Describe the behavioral approach to motivation.

Answer 5

focus on how behavior changes in response to reward and punishment

Question 6

Describe the rational approach to motivation.

Answer 6

assume that our choice of action is always rational.

Question 7

Describe the modern approach to motivation

Answer 7

• more complex than previous theories.

- acknowledge that there are multiple factors that influence human behavior.

Question 8

Describe Herzberg’s two factor theory.

Answer 8

• employees have two independent needs of hygiene and motivator needs.
• hygiene: if these needs are satisfied it could prevent demotivation, but does not increase motivation.
• motivator: social, esteem, and self-actualization in Maslow’s hierarchy
• if these needs are satisfied eployees become more motivate to perform well.

Question 9

What are the implications of Herzberg’s two factor theory?

Answer 9

remove demotivating factors, and introduce motivators

Question 10

What is the reinforcement theory?

Answer 10

• behaviorist approach

- reinforcement schedules

Question 11

What are the reinforcement theory reinforcement schedule?

Answer 11

-continuous, fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ration

Question 12

Describe the rational approach to motivation?

Answer 12

• people are rational beings
• gather and analyze information
• make choices based on that information.

Question 13

Describe Vroom’s VIE theory.

Answer 13

Valence - desirability of an outcome

instrumentality - link between performance and the attainment of that outcome.

Expectancy - link between increased effort and performance.

Question 14

Describe Adam’s Equity theory.

Answer 14

• based on idea of cognitive dissonance.
• employees evaluate their work in terms of inputs and outputs
• calculate input/output ratio and compare others.

Question 15

Describe the problem with rational approaches?

Answer 15

• choices are not always rational.

- no room for emotions, goals, interests in the rational theories of motivation.

Question 16

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 16

• behavior performed for its own sake rather than for the purpose of getting a reward.
• behavior performed because it is interesting and enjoyable.

Question 17

What activities are intrinsically motivating?

Answer 17

• competence(need to feel competent)
• relatedness(need to be accepted by others)
• autonomy(need to control one’s behaviors)

Question 18

What are the implications of intrinsic motivation?

Answer 18

increasing intrinsic motivation is desirable

-could be achieved if make sure that work tasks satisfy employees needs for competence, relatedness, autonomy.

Question 19

What theory did McGregor come up with?

Answer 19

Theory X and Theory Y

-self-fulfilling prophecy: expectations regarding employee behaviors drive employee behaviors

Question 20

What is the pygmailion effect?

Answer 20

-a person internalizes higher expectations placed on them and acts to fulfill those expectations.

Question 21

What is the Galatea effect?

Answer 21

-a person raises expectations of themselves.

Question 22

What is the Golem effect?

Answer 22

-a person internalizes lower expectations placed on him/her and acts to fulfill those expectations.