MPQ 5 - Respiration Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Which vessel provides the lung’s functional circulation?A. a. pulmonalis
B. aa. bronchiales
C. vv. pulmonales
D. v. azygos.
A
a. pulmonalis
2
Q
Which artery supplies nutrients to the lung?
a. pulmonalis
aa. bronchiales
a. carotis communis
v. azygos
A
aa. bronchiales
3
Q
Which part of the lung circulation is influenced by gravitation the most?
ventral
medial
dorsal
the gravitation doe not influence the circulation of the lung
A
dorsal
4
Q
How does hypoxia influence the lung circulation?
A. hypoxia does not influence the lung circulation
B. vasodilation occurs in poorly ventilated alveoli
C. vasoconstriction of well ventilated alveoli compensates for hypoxia
D. local vasoconstriction excludes poorly ventilated alveoli from perfusion
A
D. local vasoconstriction excludes poorly ventilated alveoli from perfusion
5
Q
In which manner does the parasympathetic innervation influence the pulmonary vessels? A. dialation via vagal mediation B. inhibition of acetylcholine release C. alpha-recepror stimulation D. beta-receptor inhibition
A
A. dialation via vagal mediation
6
Q
How does the sympathetic innervation influence the pulmonary vessels?
A. the epinephrine inhibits dilation via beta-receptors
B. the sympathetic noradrenergic fibres inhibit alpha-receptors
C. the epinephrine dilates vessels via alpha-receptors
D. inhibition by sympathetic cholinergic fibres
A
B. the sympathetic noradrenergic fibres inhibit alpha-receptors
7
Q
What is the effect of the increased pulmonary arterial blood pressure on the pressure in the lung circulation?A. it increases
B. it does not influence
C. it decrases
D. it increases considerably
A
C. it decrases
8
Q
7 Which of the following functions is not typical of the nose cavity? A. dissipation of heat B, air conditioning C. protection D. creation of sound
A
D. creation of sound
9
Q
What is the role of the pharynx? A, protection B, creating sound C, dissipation of heat D.air conditioning
A
A, protection
10
Q
What is the role of the larynx? A. protection B. creating sound C. dissipation of heat D. air conditioning
A
B. creating sound
11
Q
What is the role of the alveolus? A. air conditioning B: dissipation of heat C. gas exchange D. conduction of air
A
C. gas exchange
12
Q
Where does the gas exchange occur? A. in the windpipe B. in the bronchus C. in the bronchiolus D. in the alveolus
A
D. in the alveolus
13
Q
How many major layers separate the air from the blood in the alveolus? A. 4 B. 2 C: 5 D. 3
A
A. 4
14
Q
What is the role of the T2 type pneumocytes?
A. gas exchange
B. surfactant production
C. barrier from the O2 and the CO2
D. it constitutes the skeleton of the alveolus
A
B. surfactant production
15
Q
Which is that anatomical unit in large animals which is responsible for inspiration? A. m. intercostales externi B. stomach muscles C. diaphragm D. m. intercostales interni
A
C. diaphragm
16
Q
In what kind of respiration do the abdominal muscles play a role? A. normal expiration B. normal inspiration C. forced inspiration D. forced expiration
A
D. forced expiration
17
Q
What causes the process of expiration?
A. mainly the collapsing tendency of the lung issue
B. active muscle work
C. passive pressure from the abdominal cavity
D. the contracting of the active elements of the lungs
A
A. mainly the collapsing tendency of the lung issue
18
Q
What prevents the complete collapsing of the lungs?
A. the pressure relations in the lungs
the adhesion forces between the parietal and visceral B. plates of the pleura
C. ligaments of the lungs
D. the muscle elements of the lungs
A
B. plates of the pleura
19
Q
Which parts of the lungs are aired better?
A. the areas being in the vertex
B. the areas being under the vertebral coloumn
C. the diaphragmatic and the parietal parts of lungs
D. the medial parts of the lungs
A
C. the diaphragmatic and the parietal parts of lungs
20
Q
What is the functional residual capacity?
A. the amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea
B. the volume of air which can be inhalated in a forced way
C. that fraction which cannot be expirated even in a forced way
D. that quantity of air which remains in the lung after full compression
A
A. the amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea
21
Q
What is the inspiratory reserve volume?
A. the amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea
B. the volume of air which can be inhailed in a forced way
C. that fraction which cannot be expired even in a forced way
D. that quantity of air which remains in the lung after full compression
A
B. the volume of air which can be inhailed in a forced way
22
Q
What is the vital capacity?
A. the amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea
B. Inspiratory reserve plus expiratory reserve plus tidal volume
C. that fraction which cannot be expired even in a forced way
D. that quantity of air which remains in the lung after full compression
A
B. Inspiratory reserve plus expiratory reserve plus tidal volume
23
Q
Which air fraction stabilizes the composition of the alveolar air? A. the expiratory reserve volume B. the minimal air C. the inspiratory reserve volume D. the functional residual volume
A
D. the functional residual volume
24
Q
Which is the formula on the basis of which the ventilation coefficient can be caclulated?
A. (respiratory reserve - dead space) / functional residual volume + dead space
B. (respiration air + dead space) / functional rest air - dead space
C. (vital capacity - dead space) / minimal air + dead Space
D. (tidal volume - dead space) / vital capacity - dead space
A
A. (respiratory reserve - dead space) / functional residual volume + dead space
25
What is the physiological dead space?
A. sites which are not covered by respiratory epithelium
B. the sum of non-functioning spaces plus anatomical dead space
C. the anatomical dead space is always larger than the physological dead space
D. the physiological dead space is smaller then the anatomical one if the ventilation improves
B. the sum of non-functioning spaces plus anatomical dead space
26
What is true for panting?
A. alkalosis can develop
B. the slow central flow rate provides the suitable gas exchange
C. parietal and axial air flow prevent alkalosis
D. the fast parietal flow prevents alkalosis
C. parietal and axial air flow prevent alkalosis
27
```
What is the role of the panting?
A. it secures the acid-base balance
B. to ensure more efficient breathing
C. getting rid of water
D. heat dissipation
```
D. heat dissipation
28
What are the pressure relations during inspiration?
A. the pressure in the lungs decreases under the atmospheric pressure because of the active work of inspiratory muscles
B. the pressure in the lungs decreases under the atmospheric pressure because of the relaxing of inspiratory muscles
C. the pressure in the lungs decreases under the intrapleural pressure
D. the intrapleural pressure increases above the resting level
A. the pressure in the lungs decreases under the atmospheric pressure because of the active work of inspiratory muscles
29
What are pressure relations during expiration?
A. the intrapleural pressure decreases below its resting value
B. the intrapulmonary pressure increases above the atmospheric level
C. the intrapleural presure increases above the atmospheric level
D. the intrapleural pressure decreases below resting level
B. the intrapulmonary pressure increases above the atmospheric level
30
What is the essence of the M³llerian experiment?
A. the forced expiration - if the epiglottis is closed - increases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressures
B. it has physiological importance in the process of defecation
C. the intrapulmonary and thoracic pressures decrease considerably during deep inspiration
D. the expiration after the closing of the epiglottis decreases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressure
C. the intrapulmonary and thoracic pressures decrease considerably during deep inspiration
31
What is true for the Valsava experiment?
A. the forced expiration - if the epiglottis is closed - increases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressures
B. it has physiological importance in the process of rumination
C. the intrapulmonary and thoracic pressures decr6ease considerably during deep inspiration
D. the expiration after the closing of the epiglottis decreases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressure
A. the forced expiration - if the epiglottis is closed - increases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressures
32
Which component of respirational work is the most important?
A. overcoming the surface tension of alveoli
B. overcoming the frictional resistance
C. overcoming the elastic resistance of the lung
D. overcoming the viscous resistance of the chest
A. overcoming the surface tension of alveoli
33
```
What makes the alveolus collapse?
A. intrapulmonary pressure
B. surface tension
C. surface tension of neighbouring alveolus
D. surfactants
```
B. surface tension
34
```
What works against the collapse of the alveolus?
A. surface tension
B. elastic elements
C. surface tension of nearby alveoli
D. lack of surfactant
```
C. surface tension of nearby alveoli
35
What is the transmural pressure?
A. the pressure between the two pleural plates
B. the sum of forces that cause the lung to collaps
C. the sum of forces that cause the lung to dilate
D. it is the 2/3 of the transpulmonal pressure and keeps balance with the surface tension
D. it is the 2/3 of the transpulmonal pressure and keeps balance with the surface tension
36
```
What is the result of the lack of DPPC?
A. the small alveoli collapse
B. the size of the large alveoli does not change
C. all alveoli collapse
D. the diameter of the alveoli increases
```
A. the small alveoli collapse
37
How does the surface tension change during inspiration and expiration?
A. the surface tension continuously increases during inspiration
B. the surface tension continuously decreases during inspiration
C. the surface tension decreases during expirationD. the surface tension does not change during the breathing cycle
B. the surface tension continuously decreases during inspiration
38
Which parameter describes the effectiveness of breathing?
A. ventilation
B. perfusion
C. ventilation coefficient
D. the difference between ventilation and perfusion
C. ventilation coefficient
39
```
How many ml of oxygen dissolves in 1 liter of plasma at 37░C / 1 mmHg?
A. 0.3 ml
B. 0.03 ml
C. 7 ml
D. 0.7 ml
```
D. 0.7 ml
40
```
How many ml of carbon dioxide dissolves in 1 liter of plasma at 37░C / 1 mmHg?
A. 0.3 ml
B. 0.03 ml
C. 7 ml
D. 0.7 ml
```
B. 0.03 m
41
```
Which of the following parameters do not influence the gas exchange?
A. temperature and water vapour
B. partial pressures
C. the membrane permeability
D. the size of exchanging surface
```
A. temperature and water vapour
42
What is true for the alveolar air?
A. gas pressures in it equalsthe atmospheric gas pressures
B. the value of pO2 and pCO2 is constant
C. during ex- and inspiration its composition always changes
D. its gas composition is a function of the gas compostion of the alveolar capillary
B. the value of pO2 and pCO2 is constant
43
```
How much time does it take for gases to exchange in the alveolus?
A. 20 msec
B. 600 msec
C. 800 msec
D. 200 msec
```
D. 200 msec
44
What is true for the gas exchange in tissues?
A. increasing metabolism of a cell increases oxygen diffusion to this cell
B. the partial pressure of CO2 does not influence the diffusion of CO2
C. the partial pressure of oxygen is higher intracellularly than the pCO2
D. in the venous capillary blood the pO2 is higher than the pCO2
A. increasing metabolism of a cell increases oxygen diffusion to this cell
45
What is true for oxygen ransport?
A. one Hb molecule can bind two oxygens
B. the oxygen binding of Hb is reversible
C. 1 liter blood can bind volume of 12% O2
D. the O2 affinity of the Hb does not change physiologically
B. the oxygen binding of Hb is reversible
46
```
How does the oxygen saturation curve of the hemoglobin look like in respect to increasing pO2?
A. it is linear
B. it is a simple saturation curve
C. it is sigmoid saturation curve
D. it is hyperbolic
```
C. it is sigmoid saturation curve
47
What is the arterio-venous oxygen difference?
A. it is the measure of O2 saturation in arteriovenous anastomosis
B. it increases in rest
C. it is the difference of minimal O2 saturation and maximum venous saturation
D. it is the difference between arterial blood maximum O2 saturation and venous blood minimum O2 saturation
D. it is the difference between arterial blood maximum O2 saturation and venous blood minimum O2 saturation
48
```
What shifts the O2 saturation curve to the left?
A. 2,3 DPG concentration decrease
B. tissue pCO2 increase
C. pH decrease in the tissues
D. increase of tissue temperature
```
A. 2,3 DPG concentration decrease
49
```
At which pO2 is Hb half saturated?
A. 40 mmHg
B. 30 mmHg
C. 95 mmHg
D. 24 mmHg
```
B. 30 mmHg
50
```
How much of the carbon dioxide produced by tissues gets into the red blood cells?
A. 70%
B. 20%
C. 90%
D. 100%
```
C. 90%
51
```
How much carbon dioxide is transported in form of carbamino-hemoglobin?
A. 70%
B. 1%
C. 10%
D. 20%
```
D. 20%
52
```
In which form is most of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
A. bicarbonate anions
B. carbamino-hemoglobin
C. physically dissolved
D. linked to plasma-proteins
```
A. bicarbonate anions
53
What speeds up bicarbonate formation in the red blood cells?
A. high CO2 concentration
B. the presence of deoxihemoglobin
C. decreasing activity of carbonic anhydrase
D. the potassium efflux from red blood cells
B. the presence of deoxihemoglobin
54
What is true for the "Hamburger-shift"?
A. the capnoforin transporter inhibits the exchange of bicarbonate to chloride
B. the chloride follows water migration and the blood cell volume decreases
C. the capnoforin transporter stimulates the exchange of bicarbonate to chloride
D. it forms a buffer system
C. the capnoforin transporter stimulates the exchange of bicarbonate to chloride
55
```
Where is the pCO2 the highest?
A. in arterial blood
B. in the alveolar air
C. in the atmospheric air
D. in the venous blood
```
D. in the venous blood
56
What is the effect of the pontine dissection?
A. irregular cycles of expiration and inspiration
B. deep inspirations
C. expiration and inspiration stops
D. normal respiratory cycle is maintained
B. deep inspirations
57
What is the function of the apneustic center?
A. it is the inspiratory center
B. it generates spontaneous inspiration
C. it stimulates the inspiratory center, probably takes part in the switching over from inspiration to expiratio
D: it is a secondary expiratory center
C. it stimulates the inspiratory center, probably takes part in the switching over from inspiration to expiratio
58
What is the function of the pneumotaxic center?
A. it is a secondary expiratory center
B. it is an inspiratory center
C. it inhibits the switching over from inspiration to expiration
D. it inhibits the inspiratory center, couples expiration and inspiration
D. it inhibits the inspiratory center, couples expiration and inspiration
59
What is the function of the DRG?
A. it is a primary inspiratory center, inhibits the expiratory center
B. it stimulates the inspiratory center indirectly
C. it is a secondary expiratory center
D. it inhibits the switching over of expiration to inspiration
A. it is a primary inspiratory center, inhibits the expiratory center
60
What is the function of the VRG?
A. it stimulates inspiration
B. it is a secondary expiratory center inhibiting the inspiratory center
C. it is responsible for the switching over from inspiration to expiration
D. it is the a primary inspiratory center
B. it is a secondary expiratory center inhibiting the inspiratory center
61
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
A. a reflex that stimulates inspiration
B. a reflex of the lung stimulating the apneustic cente
C. a reflex that starts in the lung and inhibts inspiration
D. it is a reflex that stimulates the n. phrenicus
C. a reflex that starts in the lung and inhibts inspiration
62
What is the Haldane effect?
A. the high pO2 stimulates the CO2 dissipation gradually
B. the high pCO2 prevents the loss of O2
C. the dissociation curve of CO2 in lungs shifts to the right
D. the rising pO2 increases CO2 binding to proteins
A. the high pO2 stimulates the CO2 dissipation gradually
63
```
How does respiration change during severe pain?
A. respiration becomes irregular
B. respiration becomes deeper
C. frequency of respiration increases
D. expiration stops temporarily
```
D. expiration stops temporarily
64
How is the efferentation of inspiration organized?
A. facilitation of n. phrenicus
B. stimulating of expiratory muscles
C. inhibition of the diaphragm
D. stimulating of innervation of musculi intercostales interni
A. facilitation of n. phrenicus
65
How is the efferentation of expiration organized in resting conditions?
A. facilitation of n. phrenicus
B. efferentation is not needed
C. stimulation of musculi intercostales externi
D. inspiratory muscles are prevented actively
B. efferentation is not needed
66
What kind of changes do the central receptors of the respiratory regulation register?
A. pO2 in blood ,liquor cerebrospinalis and H+ ions in the blood
B. pO2 and H+ ions in the liquor
C. pCO2 and concentration of H+ ions in the liquor and in the blood
D. concentration of CO2 and H+ ions in blood
C. pCO2 and concentration of H+ ions in the liquor and in the blood
67
```
Which centers are stimulated by the central gas receptors?
A. expiratory center
B. pneumotaxic center
C. respiratory center of VRG
D. respiratory center of DRG
```
D. respiratory center of DRG
68
How does the pCO2 in blood influence the activity of DRG?
A. getting in the cerebrospinal fluid it causes decrease in the pH as well as the direct effect becomes operative
B. via the indirect increase of the pH
C. direct effect on DRG
D. indirect effect on the DRG
A. getting in the cerebrospinal fluid it causes decrease in the pH as well as the direct effect becomes operative
69
What is the characteristic feature of peripheral gas sensors?
A. they react to the change of pCO2
B. they are sensitive mainly to the change of pO2
C. they are found in sinus aorticus and arcus aortae
D. it is sensitive solely to the change of pO2
B. they are sensitive mainly to the change of pO2
70
```
What is dyspnea?
A. respiratory pause
B. asphyxia
C. irregular respiration
D. normal respiration
```
C. irregular respiration
71
```
What is apnea ?
A. asphyxia
B. irregular respiration
C. normal respiration
D. respiratory pause
```
D.respiratory pause
72
What is the Biot-respiration ?
A. approximately normal respiratory cycles are interrupted by longer apnea
B. gasping inspiration
C. deep and superficial respiration alternating occasionally with respiratory pause
D. quick, superficial respiration
A. approximately normal respiratory cycles are interrupted by longer apnea
73
```
Which defensive reflex does the inhalation of toxic gases and vapours prevent?
A. sneezing
B. nociceptive apnea
C. coughing
D. diving reflex
```
B. nociceptive apnea
74
```
Which defensive reflex is produced by mechanical and chemical stimulation of the mucous membrane of the upper conducting airways?
A. coughing
B. diping reflex
C. sneezing
D. nociceptive apnea
```
C. sneezing
75
```
Which defensive reflex prevents choking?
A. nociceptive apnea
B. coughing
C. sneezing
¨D. combined swallowing apnea
```
¨D. combined swallowing apnea
76
```
Which defensive reflex is produced by the stimulation of tracheobronchial area?
A. coughing
B. sneezing
C. nociceptive apnea
D. diving reflex
```
A. coughing
77
```
Which part of theair sac contains fresh air?
A. cranial group
B. caudal group
C. both the cranial and caudal groups
D. none of the above
```
B. caudal group
78
How does the countercurrent exchange system work in the respiration of birds?
A. blood and air flow side by side in one direction
B. the way of blood and air are not parallel
C. blood and air flow in the opposite directions in closely attached tubings
D. blood and air are separated only by one cell layer
C. blood and air flow in the opposite directions in closely attached tubings
79
In what direction the fresh air flow during inspiration in birds?
A. air gets from caudal air sacs to the parabronchi
B. parabronchi fill with stale air
C. air gets from cranial air sacs to parabronchi
D. fresh air gets to caudal air sac and to the parabronchi
D. fresh air gets to caudal air sac and to the parabronchi
80
In what direction does fresh air flow during expiration in birds?
A. from the caudal air sacs to the parabronchi
B. from caudal air sacs to the cranial air sacs
C. from the cranial air sac to the outside world
D. parabronchi fill with air, rich in CO2
A. from the caudal air sacs to the parabronchi
81
```
How much more O2 can be carried by the whole blood than by the plasma?
A. 20 times more
B. 70 times more
C. 50 times more
D. 10 times more
```
B. 70 times more
82
Which statement is not true relating to the O2-binding of myoglobin?
A. it displays simple saturation curve
B. it binds O2 in a reversibile way
C. it binds O2 weaker than the hemoglobin does
D. it stores O2 in the muscle tissue
C. it binds O2 weaker than the hemoglobin does
83
What is true for the CO binding of the hemoglobin?
A. it is independent of temperature
B. it displays a sigmoid saturation curve
C. the binding is reversible
D. the binding is irreversible and of high affinity
D. the binding is irreversible and of high affinity
