Midterm nr 3

Question 1

What can be the possible directions for cardiac axis?

Answer 1

-30° to +110°

Question 2

Btw which limbs is the potential diff measured with standard limb leads I/II/III?

Answer 2

I: Right and left arm,
II: Right arm and left leg
III: left arm and left leg

Question 3

What is the effect of strophanine-G on the stimulus conduction in the AV node?

Answer 3

Delays stimulus: negative dromotropic

Question 4

Draw a pulse pressurewave and name its peaks.

Answer 4

….

Question 5

List the main steps of determining the cardiac axis

Answer 5

Measure R-wave in each lead,
construct vectors,
direction of integral vector is c.a.

Question 6

Where epinephrine is produced

Answer 6

Adrenal medulla

Question 7

What type acetylchlorine receptors are present in the heart?

Answer 7

Muscarinic Ach receptors

Question 8

What type of of ionchannels does verpamil block?

Answer 8

Ca2+ channels

Question 9

List 4 of the effects of the acetylchlorine on the heart?

Answer 9

Negative chronotropic
Bathmotropic
Dromotropic
Inotropic effect

Question 10

Why does atropine inhibit the acetylchlorine effect on the muscarine Ach receptors?

Answer 10

Binds to receptor without stimulating

Question 11

Describe a normal PQ segment

Answer 11

AP trough AV. Not enough to create detectable differences. Isoelectric line

Question 12

How can the hardness of the pulse be determined?

Answer 12

the power needed to compress it

Question 13

List the reg. waves in the ECG of dogs.

Answer 13

P, Q, R, S and T

Question 14

Effect of epinephrine?

Answer 14

Positive chrono, bathmo, ino and dromotropic

Question 15

Antagonist of epinephrine?

Answer 15

Propranolol

Question 16

Positive waves of ECG humans?

Answer 16

P, R and T

Question 17

Negative waves of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 17

Q, S and T (except in human and car)

Question 18

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 18

the pressure in arterial system

Question 19

Pulse pressure in humans?

Answer 19

40 mmHg / 5.3 kPa

Question 20

Normal Diastolic pressure in humans?

Answer 20

75-80 mmHg / 10.0-11.0 kPa

Question 21

Why does edema happend with Ringer’s solution?

Answer 21

Protein free solution pass unhindered trough blood vessel walls to interstices

Question 22

What is the effect of pharmacological consentrations of epinephrine? And which receptors does it influence?

Answer 22

Vasoconstriction all over body, trough α1 adrenergic receptors

Question 23

Equation for effective filtration pressure?

Answer 23

Peff = Pheff – Poeff

Question 24

Equation for flow rate in the capillaries?

Answer 24

Q = Peff x CFC

Question 25

Factors of the diffusion rate?

Answer 25

conc. gradient and transit time of substance, and permability and diffusion area

Question 26

Method of measuring blood pressure?

Answer 26

Indirect, by auscultatory method, or by digital method

Question 27

How to determind diastolic pressure?

Answer 27

dissapperance of the tapping sound when releasing the cuff pressure

Question 28

ISF, what does it depend on?

Answer 28

blood pressure, hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure and tissue turgor

Question 29

Myogen, is it dependent on the CNS?

Answer 29

Independent

Question 30

What happens when you get a local hypoxia?

Answer 30

metatrioles contract due to increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 31

Is pulse pressure age dependent? Why?

Answer 31

Yes, because systolic increase and diastolic decrease by age

Question 32

Equation for mean arterial pressure?

Answer 32

(Pavarage = (Psystolic + 2xPdiastolic) / 3

Question 33

How to measure systolic pressure?

Answer 33

First sound when releasing pressure in cuff

Question 34

How to measure blood pressure by ausculatory method?

Answer 34

by using the Riva-Rocci sphygmomanometer

Question 35

Effect of prolonged perfusion with ringer’s solution?

Answer 35

Oedema

Question 36

How can you decrease edema in the Trendelenburg preparation?

Answer 36

..

Question 37

What blood cell type is mainly in mural flow?

Answer 37

White

Question 38

Effect of hypoxia after local blood perfusion

Answer 38

The higher the O2 consumption of a tissue, the faster | will be the drop of pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen).

Question 39

``` Heart rate (in resting state) Horses ```

Answer 39

30-40/min

Question 40

Heart rate (in resting state) cattle small ruminants swine

Answer 40

60-80/min

Question 41

``` Heart rate (in resting state Dog ```

Answer 41

large size 70-100/min new-born 150-200/min

Question 42

``` Heart rate (in resting state cat ```

Answer 42

adult 120-160/min new-born 200-250/min

Question 43

Heart rate (in resting state) rabbit 150-200/min

Answer 43

150-200/min

Question 44

``` Heart rate (in resting state Poultry ```

Answer 44

140-400/min