Mr. Mateki first test Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
What is different about the organelles of prokaryotes?
A
They have no mitochondria, no nucleus, and small ribosomes.
2
Q
What is different about the DNA of prokaryotes.
A
Their DNA does not have chromosomes, it is circular.
3
Q
What is the major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, while Eukaryotes are multicellular.
4
Q
Heterotroph
A
types of organisms that obtain energy from the food they consume.
5
Q
Autogtrouph
A
organisms that are able to produce their own food
6
Q
Rough ER
A
internal membrane system where proteins are synthesized.
7
Q
Smooth ER
A
internal membrane system where lipids are synthesized, drugs are detoxified, and carbohydrates are synthesized.
8
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
9
Q
Nucleus
A
Where DNA is stored.
10
Q
Cell membrane
A
outermost boundary of most cells. Regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell.
11
Q
Nucleolus
A
where the assembly of ribosomes begins
12
Q
Vacuoles
A
store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
13
Q
Mitochondria
A
convert the chemical energy stored in food molecules into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
14
Q
Cytoplasm
A
jelly-like fluid outside of nucleus but inside the CM. Organelles are found here.
15
Q
Chloroplast
A
capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy stored in food during photosynthesis. Only in plant cells
16
Q
What are the 7 conditions for life
A
- Energy
- Water
- Organic (carbon)
- DNA
- Reproduction
- Growth
- Death
17
Q
Cation
A
is positive
18
Q
anion
A
is negative
19
Q
Solvent
A
the thing that does the dissolving
20
Q
Solute
A
the thing that gets dissolved
21
Q
What has to happen for salt to get dissolved in water?
A
For salt to dissolve in water it has to ionize
22
Q
Dissolve
A
when the solute mixes with the solvent to get a solution
23
Q
Diffusion
A
when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
24
Q
Osmosis
A
the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
25
Ionic bond
when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
26
Covalent bond
formed when moving electrons travel around the nuclei of 2 atoms. They are sharing the electrons.
27
Hydrogen Bond
a form of weak interaction that form between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom of another molecule.
28
List the bonds from strongest to weakest
An ionic bond is stronger than a covelent bond which is stronger than a hydrogen bond.
29
Acid
proton donor
30
Base
proton acceptor, can donate OH
31
Reduction
when something is gained (mass, energy, ect)
32
Oxidation
when something is lost, because an object was broken apart.
33
List all the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis in order
1. Photosystem II P680
2. Electron transport system
3. Photosystem I P700
4. ATP synthase
34
What is the light independent reaction of photosynthesis
Kalvin cycle
35
Which P is photosystem one
P700
36
Glucose
energy source for all metabolic processes. Eventually turns into ATP, which is used by our bodies.
37
ATP (adenine triphosphate)
made of Adenine, Ribose, and 3 phosphate groups.
38
Explain how ATP goes to ADP and back
ATP is a fully charged battery. When ATP puts energy out (loosing one phosphate), it turns into ADP. ADP gains energy by taking in a phosphate, becoming ATP.
39
What substances go into and come out of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide and water go into photosynthesis, and glucose and oxygen come out of photosynthesis.
40
What happens during light dependent reactions
They use energy from sunlight to convert ADP and NADP+ into ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is produced as a byproduct.
41
What happens during light independent reactions (words)
They use chemical energy produced during light-dependent reactions to synthesize stable, high-energy sugars.
42
Where does photosystem II take place
thylakoid membrane
43
During photosystem II, how are electrons energized, and where do they go after being energized?
Light is captured to energize electrons. These electrons are passed into the electron transport chain.
44
What are energized electrons replaced by during photosystem II
Energized electrons are replaced by water molecules.
45
Where is the electron trasport system
thylakoid membrane
46
What happens in the electron transport system.
Energy from the electrons is used by the proteins in the chain to pump more H+ ions from the stoma into the thylakoid sac.
47
What does photosystem II produce
It provides a steady stream of electrons to photosystem 1 and oxygen as a byproduct
48
What does the electron transport system transport
electrons that are used to make ATP
49
Where does photosystem I take place?
The thylakoid membrane
50
What happens in photosystem I
Light energy is used to reenergize electrons and pass them to the electron carrier NADP+. NADP+ in the stroma picks up the high energy electrons and H+ ions to become NADPH
51
What does photosystem I produce?
NADPH
52
Where does ATP synthase happen
The Thylakoid membrane
53
How does ATP synthase happen
Powered by H+ concentration difference, H+ ions pass though ATP synthase and force it to rotate. As it rotates, ATP synthase binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP.
54
What does ATP synthase produce
ATP
55
What type of reaction is the Calvin cycle
A light independent reaction
56
Where does the Calvin cycle happen
the mitochondrial matrix
57
What is fixation in the Calvin cycle
A reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP which forms a 6 carbon compound that is converted into 2 three carbon compounds.
58
What happens in the Calvin cycle
Uses 6 molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a 6 carbon sugar molecule. The energy to do this is supplied by what is produced in the light-dependent reactions.
59
What does the Calvin cycle produce
Glucose
60
Chloroplast
organelle where photosynthesis takes place
61
Stoma
material inside a chloroplast where thylakoid membranes are embedded and where dark reactions of photosynthesis occur
62
Thylakoid membrane
saclike membranes where electron transport systems/chains are
63
Grana
stacks of thylakoid membranes
64
Photosynthesis equation in words
Plants take in water and carbon dioxide. Then they get hit by sunlight and make glucose and oxygen.
65
Cellular respiration equation in words
We take in glucose and oxygen. Then we release energy, and output carbon dioxide and water.
66
How many molecules of oxygen are needed for a molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?
For one molecule of glucose we need 6 molecules of oxygen.
67
What do Langerhans cells do?
Release insulin
68
Why is insulin released
Insulin is released to counteract excessive glucose
69
What does insulin do?
It allows glucose to enter cells
70
Cellular respiration definition
the process of energy conversion that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.
71
Where does Glycolysis take place
cytosol, which is in the cytoplasm
72
Where does Pyruvate oxidation take place
The mitochondrial matrix
73
Where does the Krebs cycle take place
The mitochondrial matrix
74
Where is the Electron transport system
inner membrane
75
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Krebs cycle
4. Electron transport
76
What is the only stage of cellular respiration where carbon isn't released
In cellular respiration, glycolysis is the only place where carbon isn't released
77
What happens in glycolysis
1. Investment: 2 ATPs are lost
2. Payoff: 4 ATPs and 2 NADPHs are gained
78
What is produced during Glycolysis
2 ATPs, 2 NADPHs and 2 pyruvates
79
Pyruvate definition
the product of glycolysis that will be used in the Krebs cycle. Has 3 carbons and a lot of energy.
80
Fermentation during glycolysis
if oxygen is not present, fermentation keeps glycolysis running by supplying NAD+.
81
What does pyruvate oxidation produce
2 NADHs and 2 carbon dioxides
82
What is the first stage in cellular respiration that carbon dioxide is produced
Pyruvate oxidation
83
What is another name for the Krebs cycle
the citric acid cycle
84
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
The Mitochondria
85
How is citric acid made in the Krebs cycle and what goes back to the beginning of the cycle?
Take 2 carbons, combined with 2 more carbons, then we make citric acid. Citric acid has 6 carbons, 2 are removed, and this leaves a 4 carbon molecule that goes back into the beginning of the cycle
86
What is produced with each turn of the Krebbs cycle?
For each turn of the cycle, a molecule of ADP is converted to a molecule of ATP.
87
How is NADH and FADH2 made in the Krebbs cycle?
At 5 places in each cycle, electron carriers accept a pair of high-energy electrons and a hydrogen atom, which leads to the making of NADH and FADH2.
88
What does the Krebbs cycle produce?
Produces 2 molecules of CO2, 3 NADH, ATP and 1 FADH2
89
Where is the electron transport chain
Mitochondria
90
What happens in the electron transport chain
the electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to synthesize ATP from ADP
91
What does the electron transport chain produce
ATP
92
Why is glucose converted to ATP
Less energy is wasted when using ATP then using Glucose
93
What is ATP made of
3 phosphate groups, 2 adenine, 1 ribose
94
How do the opposite processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate to each other
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes. Plants do photosynthesis and then put out oxygen, which animals need, animals do cellular respiration, then put out carbon dioxide, which plants need.
95
How many molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose
From one molecule of glucose 36 ATP are produced
96
Alcoholic fermentation
carried out by yeast, producing ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
97
Lactic acid fermentation
Organisms besides yeast carry out fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
98
What do the light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with?
ATP and NADPH
99
In what sequence do electrons flow during photosynthesis?
Water, NADPH, Calvin cycle
100
What 3 basic things occur during the Calvin cycle
1. Carbon fixation
2. oxidation of NADPH
3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
101
What does not occur during the Calvin cycle
The release of oxygen
102
What is the substance inside of the Thylakoid called
The thylakoid lumen
103
What are the 2 main stages of photosynthesis?
Light dependent reactions and light independent reactions.
104
What molecules enter the light dependent reaction?
H2O and Electrons
105
What molecules enter the light independent reaction?
CO2
106
What molecules are produced in the light independent reaction?
ADP and NADP+
107
What molecules are produced in the light dependent reactions?
ATP and NADPH
108
An overview of the process of photosynthesis.
Water and light enter the light-dependent reactions. ATP and NADPH are produced. Oxygen is released as a byproduct. Carbon dioxide enters the light-independent reactions. ADP and NADPH are produced. Glucose is released as a byproduct.
