Mr. Mateki second test

Question 1

Why do cells not keep growing infinitely, and reproduce instead?
In regards to the species as a whole

Answer 1

To reduce the possibility that an entire species fails, because if there is only 1 huge cell and it dies, there goes the species

Question 2

Why do cells not keep growing infinitely, and reproduce instead?
In regards to DNA

Answer 2

The larger a cell becomes the more demands it has on its DNA. If a cell grew too large, the result would be “information overload”

Question 3

Why do cells not keep growing infinitely, and reproduce instead?
In regards to surface area/volume.

Answer 3

The volume of a cell grows faster than its surface area. Therefore, a large cell has trouble moving enough food in and enough waste out.

Question 4

Cell division (mitosis) definition

Answer 4

when a cell divides into two new daughter cells.
- copy of DNA is made

Question 5

Asexual reproduction

Answer 5

a process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
- offspring have the same genetic information as the parent
(can be done by single or multicellular organisms)

Question 6

Advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 6

Much simpler and faster than sexual reproduction

Question 7

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 7

lack of genetic diversity can become a disadvantage

Question 8

Sexual reproduction(Meiosis)

Answer 8

a process by which two cells from different parents fuse, or join together, to produce the first cell of a new organism

Question 9

Advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 9

produces genetic diversity

Question 10

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 10

takes more time than asexual reproduction

Question 11

Male gamete

Answer 11

sperm

Question 12

Female gamete

Answer 12

egg/oocyte

Question 14

Chromosomes

Answer 14

each molecule of DNA is packaged into a chromosome

Question 15

How do chromosomes help with cell division

Answer 15

Chromosomes make it possible to separate DNA precisely during cell division

Question 16

P arm definition

Answer 16

The short arm of a chromosome

Question 17

Q arm definition

Answer 17

The long arm of a chromosome

Question 18

Centromere definition

Answer 18

The center of a chromosome

Question 19

Nucleotides (bases)

Answer 19

code for genes

Question 20

DNA sequence

Answer 20

every DNA sequence corresponds to one of the 20 amino acids. The sequence is different in every person.

Question 21

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

Answer 21

Usually, their genetic material is contained in a single, circle shaped chromosome. The DNA molecules of Prokaryotes are found in the cytoplasm.

Question 22

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

Answer 22

because eukaryotes have much more DNA than prokaryotes, the cells in our body have 46 chromosomes. These are contained in the nucleus.

Question 23

Chromatid

Answer 23

the condensed form of DNA.

Question 24

When does DNA condense

Answer 24

DNA condenses when it is associated with histones.

Question 25

Chromatin

Answer 25

short sequence that makes up chromatid

Question 26

Spindle fibers

Answer 26

help separate duplicated chromosomes

Question 27

Histones definition and how many

Answer 27

there are 8 histones. Allow DNA to coil in a systematic and organized way.

Question 28

Active transport

Answer 28

when we actively pump something out. Takes energy.

Question 29

What happens to animals if they are put in a different environment

Answer 29

They will die

Question 30

What is humanities biggest strength?

Answer 30

the ability to adapt

Question 31

G1 phase of interphase in the eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 31

cell growth. Proteins are made.

Question 32

S (synthesis) phase of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 32

DNA replication. DNA is doubled

Question 33

G2 phase of interphase in the eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 33

preparation for mitosis. Organelles are doubled.

Question 34

Mitosis definition in the eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 34

Cell division, both cells are identical. Starts with a diploid cell and ends up with 2 diploid cells.

Question 35

Prophase in the eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 35

Nuclear envelope is dissolved. Ends with DNA floating in cytoplasm. Centrioles are formed, and centrioles migrate to opposite sides

Question 36

Metaphase in the eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 36

Centrioles have finished migrating. Chromosomes line up in the middle.

Question 37

Anaphase in the eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 37

Individual chromosomes are pulled to either side by the centrioles.

Question 38

Cytokinesis

Answer 38

when the cells actually separate

Question 39

External regulators

Answer 39

proteins that respond to events outside the cell

Question 40

Growth factors

Answer 40

important external regulators

Question 41

What type of proteins control the cell cycle when you have an injury?

Answer 41

Growth factor proteins control the cell cycle when you have an injury.

Question 42

Internal regulators

Answer 42

proteins that respond to events inside the cell. They control stages of the cell.

Question 43

What controls the cell cycle

Answer 43

The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins, both inside and outside the cell

Question 44

Cancer

Answer 44

a disorder that shows what happens when cell growth is not controlled

Question 45

What causes cancer

Answer 45

damage to a cell's DNA

Question 46

Tumor definition

Answer 46

A mass of cancer cells.

Question 47

Treatments for cancer

Answer 47

Doctors can remove tumors with surgery if they are found early They can also use chemotherapy, which treats cancer with chemical compounds