MS

Question 1

describe MS

Answer 1

an autoimmune disease affecting the CNS by the loss or damage of myelin sheath which results in the inability of neurons to transmit neuroal signals properly
-mostly in females

Question 2

what are some symptoms?

Answer 2

• numbness, tingling
• walking difficulty
• vision problems
• weakness
• dizziness
• pain
• bladder dysfunction
• depression
• muscle spasms

Question 3

the immune system produces _______ that attack the _______ which are cells that wrap the myelin sheaths around axons

• this creates plaques or lesions in the ____ matter
• prevents communication between brain and spinal cord

Answer 3

antibodies
oligodendrocytes
- white

Question 4

oligodendrocytes are found in the ____ that can myelinate different axons and several internodes per axon
whereas schwann cells are found in the ____ and can only myelinate a single internode in a single axon

Answer 4

CNS

PNS

Question 5

what is demyelination?

Answer 5

lesions from multiple sclerosis are not spread in a homogenous manner, but form plaques on the axons

Question 6

• __ cells recognize myeline epitodes and activate _________ to damage myelin by _________ method
• ________ and toxic mediators (like NO) are released by T cells, microglia and macrophages which cause myeline damage
• _________, through binding to myeline and activating complement, faaciliate phagocytosis mediated by macrophages

Answer 6

T cells
macrophages
phagocytosis 
cytokines 
auto-antibodies

Question 7

what are 4 risk factors for MS?

Answer 7

• geographic
• ethnic
• genetics
• viruses

Question 8

what are the two significant non-HLA linked gene loci?

Answer 8

IL2Ra and IL7Ra

Question 9

what is the HLA and function?

Answer 9

Human Leukocyte Antigen

- efficient immune response against pathogens and cancer cells