MSK Test Review

Question 1

Ligaments

Answer 1

Connect bone to bone; stabilize joints

Question 2

tendons

Answer 2

Connect muscle to bone; help muscles move bones.

Question 3

How is Movement Achieved

Answer 3

Muscles contract, pulling on tendons which move bones at joints.

Question 4

function of muscle

Answer 4

Movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production

Question 5

4 Types of Fractures (plus Greenstick):

Answer 5

• Simple (closed) – Bone breaks but doesn’t pierce skin.
• Compound (open) – Bone breaks through skin.
• Comminuted – Bone shatters into multiple pieces.
• Impacted – Bone ends are driven into each other.
• Greenstick – Incomplete break; common in children.

Question 6

division of the skeletal sytem, axial, appendicular

Answer 6

• Axial: along axis of the body, skull/vertebral column/bony thorax, for support, protection, and carrying other body parts, skull/ paranasal sinuses/ hyoid bone/ vertebral column / bony thorax (80)
• Appendicular: upper & lower limbs and girdles (shoulders, hips), locomotion & manipulation of the environment (126)

Question 7

Three Types of Muscles

Answer 7

Skeletal – Voluntary, striated.

Cardiac – Heart muscle, involuntary, striated.

Smooth – Involuntary, in organs, non-striated.

Question 8

Two Kinds of Bone Tissue –

Answer 8

Compact bone – Dense, outer layer.

Spongy bone – Porous, inside ends of long bones.

Question 9

Classification of bones

Answer 9

-Long: shaft heads at both ends, mostly compact bone, femur & humerus

-Short: cube-shaped, spongy bone, carpals & tarsals

-Flat bones: thin & flattened, curved, thin compact bone around spongy bone, skull/ribs/sternum

-irregular bones: don’t fit into other classification categories, vertebrae & hip

Question 10

identify major muscles

Answer 10

Glutes, hamstrings, pectorals (pecs), biceps, calves, deltoids.

Question 11

Smooth Muscle in Contraction/Relaxation

Answer 11

Contracts slowly; controls movements like digestion and blood vessel constriction.

Question 12

Bony Thorax (Rib Cage)

Answer 12

Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae.

Question 13

ROM (Range of Motion)

Answer 13

• Flexion (bending elbow),
• Extension (straightening elbow),

-Abduction (raising arm sideways),

• Adduction (lowering arm),
• Rotation (turning head).

Question 14

Fontanelle/Sutures

Answer 14

• Fontanels: soft spots in infant skulls.
• Sutures: immovable joints in the adult skull.

Question 15

Axial Skeleton

Answer 15

Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum (central framework).

Question 16

Antagonistic Muscles Example

Answer 16

Biceps and triceps: one contracts, the other relaxes.

Question 17

Function of the Skeletal System

Answer 17

-support
-protection
-movement
-reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue
-hematopoiesis

Question 18

5 Golden Rules of Muscle Activity

Answer 18

-all muscles cross at least one joint
-bulk of muscles lies proximal to the joint crossed
-all muscles have at least 2 attachments: origin & insertion
-muscles only pull/never push
-during contraction the muscle insertion moves toward the origin

Question 19

PRICE Protocol

Answer 19

Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (injury treatment).

Question 20

How Bones Get Blood Supply

Answer 20

Through blood vessels in the periosteum (outer layer) and Haversian canals.

Question 21

Grades of Muscle Strain

Answer 21

-Grade I: Mild, small tears, minor pain.

-Grade II: Moderate tear, swelling, reduced strength.

-Grade III: Complete tear, severe pain, loss of function.