MT1 Flashcards
List three symptoms patients with new-onset diabetes mellitus might present with.
Thirst (polydipsia) Polyuria / nocturia (can only count once) Recurrent infections Fatigue Unintentional weight loss
List two microvascular complications of diabetes, and describe the screening methods used to detect each one at an early stage.
Retinopathy – retinal photography / fundoscopy
Nephropathy – urine albumin excretion
Neuropathy – sensation in feet (pin-prick / pain or monofilament)
Eating less than usual , they. Omit insulin treatment. What acute complication of diabetes are they at risk of developing?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hypoglycaemia
Which blood test would give the most info about average glycaemic control
HbA1c
2 way in which we acquire vitamin D?
Skin and diet
Where is vitamin D activated?
Liver and kidney
Which organs in which vitamin D acts to regulate calcium concentrations?
Intestine, bone and kidneys
What is the most common imaging technique used to provide information about the functional status of the thyroid gland?
Isotope scan (pertechnetate scan)
What is the most common structural imaging technique used to image the thyroid gland for a patient presenting with a thyroid nodule?
Ultrasound
List effective routes of testosterone administration that are commonly used in adult clinical practice.
Testosterone gel
Intramuscular testosterone
Testosterone implants, buccal testosterone, testosterone patches
Consequences of male hypogonadism?
Loss of libido Erectile dysfunction Low energy levels/fatigue Reduced muscle strength Osteopaenia, osteoporosis Infertility Delayed puberty
Primary and secondary hypogonadism hormone concentrations?
Primary: High LH and FSH and low testosterone
Secondary: LH and FSH low and low testosterone
LH/FSH and testosterone are what type of hormones?
LH and FSH are peptide
Testosterone steroid
Complications of bariatric surgery?
Nutrient deficiencies, dumping syndrome, weight re-gain, hypoglycaemia
Drug for obesity?
Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor which reduces absorption of dietary fat
Metabolic syndrome, risk of developing these diseases?
Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, PCOS, non alcoholic fatty liver disease, bowel/endometrial cancer
A patient with central obesity requires which tests and investigations?
Blood pressure Glucose tolerance test Fasted lipid profile HbA1c Screening
Having primary hypothyroidism and coeliac could mean
Automimmune polyendocrine syndrome
Cause of addisons?
Autoimmune
For addisons, life-long replacement therapy?
Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone
Low plasma glucose, fatigue, lost weight, abdominal pain and vomiting. May have addisons, what will electrolytes sodium and potassium look like?
High potassium and low sodium
Single blood tests for addisons?
9am plasma cortisol
Long term health risks of thyrotoxicosis?
Osteoporosis, myopathy, hihj output heart failure, thyroid storm, atrial fibrillation, hypertension
How to investigate hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid autoantibody titre
Thyroid isotope scan
Thyroid uptake scan
