MTAP 2 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Bacteria are prokaryotes or eukaryotes
A
prokaryotes
2
Q
It is an organism that does not have a true nucleus
A
prokaryotes
3
Q
prokaryotes have both
A
DNA and RNA
4
Q
The average size of bacteria
A
0.4 - 2.0 micra
5
Q
The smallest organism
A
Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma
6
Q
The largest organism
A
Bacillus
7
Q
Released by all major gram-positive
organisms
A
Exotoxins
8
Q
It does not produce exotoxins
A
Listeria
9
Q
What gram-negative bacteria produce exotoxins
A
Vibrio
E.coli
10
Q
A toxin that is unstable with heat
A
Exotoxins
11
Q
A toxin that is stable with heat
A
Endotoxins
12
Q
A toxin with HIGH toxicity
A
Exotoxins
13
Q
A toxin with LOW toxicity
A
Endotoxins
14
Q
Usually excreted or released by living
bacterial cells; does not require cell death
for release
A
Exotoxins
15
Q
Released only when cells are
destroyed (cell death/lysis)
A
Endotoxins
16
Q
Examples of Exotoxins
A
Diphtheria toxin
Botulinum toxin
TSST-1
Coagulase
17
Q
A toxin that kills host cells
A
Cytotoxin
18
Q
A toxin that destroys cells of GIT
A
Enterotoxin
19
Q
A bacteria that produces enterotoxin
A
E. coli
S. aureus
20
Q
Used to detect the
presence of endotoxin
A
Limulus lysate test
21
Q
The Limulus lysate test uses an aqueous extract of blood cells of
A
Horseshoe crabs
22
Q
Limulus lysate test positive result
A
Clumping
23
Q
Slimy area surrounding the cell wall
Responsible for mucoid colonies (encapsulated bacteria)
A
Capsule
24
Q
A capsular swelling test
A
Neufeld Quellung Test
25
Capsule (+):
Bacillus anthracis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
26
Defines the shape of bacteria; the main component is peptidoglycan
Point of anchorage for flagella
Site of antibiotic action
CELL WALL (murein layer, peptidoglycan layer)
27
The sugars found in cell walls
N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetyl muramic acid
28
Bacteria without cell walls
Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma
29
What bacteria is a T-strain Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma urealyticum
30
Major virulence factor of S. pyogenes
M protein
31
Major virulence factor of S. aureus
A protein
32
Responsible for the acid-fastness of Mycobacterium and prevents digestion during phagocytosis
Mycolic acid
33
Surrounds the cytoplasm; site of energy synthesis
Plasma membrane/Cell membrane
34
For adherence or attachment to host cells
Pili or Fimbriae
35
for gene conjugation (transfer of genetic material)
Sex pili
36
Bacteria that has pili or fimbriae
E.coli
N. gonorrhoeae
Pseudomonas
37
Has terminally located spores
C. tetani
38
has subterminal spores
C. botulinum
39
has centrally located spores
B. anthracis
40
Endospore are resistant to
calcium dipicolinate or dipicolinic acid
41
Microscopes used to visualize spirochetes
Fluorescence microscope
Dark field microscope
42
Ways to demonstrate motility:
Hanging drop
Flagellar stains (Gray's & Leifson)
Semi-solid media (SIM)
43
single flagellum at one end
Monotrichous
44
single flagellum at both ends
Amphitrichous
45
absence of flagella
Atrichous
46
tuft of flagella at one or both ends
Lophotrichous
47
surrounded with flagella
Peritrichous
48
Monotrichous bacteria
Vibrio
Pseudomonas
49
Amphitrichous bacteria
C. jejuni
50
Lophotrichous bacteria
S. maltophilia
51
Peritrichous bacteria
E. coli
52
With gliding motility
Capnocytophaga
53
With darting motility
Campylobacter
54
Corynebacterium diphtheriae granules
Babes Ernst Granules
55
Mycobacterium tuberculosis granules
Much granules
56
Yersinia pestis granules
Bipolar bodies
57
Nocardia and Actinomycetes granules
Sulfur granules
58
Extrachromosomal DNA carries an antibiotic-resistant gene
Plasmid
59
confers resistance to beta lactams
Large plasmid
60
confers resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol
Small plasmid
61
Can be used for cell wall deficient organism
Acridine orange
62
Aerobe and Catalase (+)
Bacillus
63
Anaerobe and Catalase (-)
Clostridium
64
Aerobe and Catalase reagent
15% H2O2
65
Uses inorganic compounds as
carbon source i.e. carbon dioxide
Autotrophs/Litotrophs
66
Uses organic compounds as carbon
source i.e. glucose
Heterotrophs/Organotrophs
67
Facultative anaerobes bacteria
Enterobacteriaceae
68
Microaerophilic bacteria
Streptococci
Campylobacter
Spirochetes
69
Obligate Aerobes
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Francisella
70
Can tolerate cold enrichment
Yersinia enterocolitica
Listeria
71
Incubation temperature for most bacteria and viruses
37 degree celsius
72
Incubation temperature for fungi
Room Temperature
73
Incubation temperature and time for aerobes
37 degree celsius for 18-24 hours
74
Incubation temperature and time for anaerobes
37 degree celsius for 24-48 hours
75
Blood bag contaminants at 4 degree celsius
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Yersinia enterocolitica
Serratia liquefaciens
76
pH of media for fungi
pH 5-6
77
Salt concentration of Enterococci
6.5%
78
Salt concentration of Vibrio
8-10%
79
Salt concentration of S. aureus
7.5%
80
Increase in size but not in number
Lag phase or Rejuvenescence phase
81
to sterilize used and unused media
121C, 15 psi, 15-30 minutes
82
to sterilize medical waste
132C, 15 psi, 30-60 minutes
83
100C for 30 minutes, for 3 consecutive days
Uses: flowing steam
TYNDALLIZATION
84
75-80C for 2 hours, for 3 consecutive days
INSPISSATION
85
Fractional sterilization will kill:
1st: vegetative cells
2nd: Spores
3rd: Remaining cells
86
IONIZING RADIATION/COLD STERILIZATION indicator
Bacillus pumilus
87
Commonly used antiseptic (but not the best)
70% ethyl alcohol or
isopropyl alcohol
88
Regarded as the best antiseptic
Iodine + detergent
Iodophors
89
used for cleansing of wounds
10% hydrogen peroxide
90
anticoagulant used in viral culture, may inhibit gram positive organisms and yeast
Heparin
91
To maintain an accurate colony count, if there is a delay in the processing of urine, this
preservative may be added
Boric acid
92
Viral PCR anticoagulant
EDTA
93
Not to be used in microbiology
EDTA
Citrate
94
0.025% SPS inhibits what bacteria
Neisseria
G. vaginalis
P. anaerobius
95
Spore stains
Schaeffer and Fulton
96
Schaeffer and Fulton primary stain
Malachite green
97
Capsular stains
Muir
Anthony's
Tyler
Hiss
98
Flagellar stains
Gray's and Leifson
Fisher and Conn
99
Nucleic acid stain
Feulgen
100
Polar bodies stain
Wayson
101
Spirochetes stain
Fontana-Tribondeau
Warthin-Starry
Levaditi
102
Most critical step in gram staining
Decolorization
103
Intracellular organism
Rickettsiae
Chlamydia
104
Considered as the best for DSSM (direct sputum smear microscopy)
Ziehl-Neelsen/Hot Method
105
Best method to stain AF organisms
in tissues
Kinyoun's/Cold Method
106
Most sensitive method for AFB
Audamine Rhodamine (Fluorochrome)
107
Example of Liquid media
Brain-heart infusion
Nutrient broth
Alkaline peptone water
108
Example of Biphasic media
Castaneda (for Brucella)
Human blood bilayer tween
109
Agar solidifies at what temperature
40-50C
110
Agar melts at what temperature
80-90C
111
to differentiate M. smegmatis (blue) from M. tuberculosis (red)
Pappenheim’s (urine)
112
to differentiate M. leprae (red) from M. tuberculosis (blue)
Baumgarten’s (tissue)
113
M. leprae (used as counterstain is hematoxylin)
Fite Faraco’s
114
Bacteria that use sheep blood agar
Streptococci
115
Bacteria that use horse blood agar
Haemophilus
116
Bacteria that uses human blood agar
G. vaginalis
117
A medium for M. tuberculosis; inhibitor is Malachite Green
Lowenstein Jensen
118
A medium for C. diphtheriae; inhibitor is Potassium tellurite
Cystine Tellurite Blood
Agar (CTBA)
119
For Streptococci
Bacitracin Chocolate agar – for Haemophilus
Gentamicin blood agar
120
An agar for Aeromonas
Blood agar with
ampicillin
121
Prevent swarming organisms
Chloral hydrate
122
Selective enrichment media for S. agalactiae in female genital specimens
Used to detect genital carriage of Group B Streptococci during pregnancy
TODD-HEWITT BROTH
123
An agar for gram positive organisms
CNA (COLUMBIA-COLISTIN-NALIDIXIC ACID)
124
Standard inoculum for broth dilution
5 x 10^5 CFU/mL
125
Standard inoculum for agar dilution
1 x 10^4 CFU/mL
126
0.5 McFarland Standard composition
0.5 mL of barium chloride
99.5 mL of 1% sulfuric acid
127
Used to detect the ability of the organism to produce the enzyme beta
lactamase
CEPHALOSPORINASE TEST
128
Also known as: Duran Raynal factor
Hyaluronidase
129
An enzyme that promote destruction of WBCs
PVL/Panton Valentine Leukocidin
130
An emerging pathogen of immunocompromised patients causing endocarditis and bacteremia
Stomatococcus
131
Test to determine if rashes are due to scarlet fever or not
Schultz Charlton
Test Or Blanche
Phenomenon
132
Susceptibility test for Scarlet fever
To determine if the patient is at risk for developing
scarlet fever
Positive: erythema (redness) at the site of injection
Dick’s test
133
Detects hydrolysis of sodium hippurate to benzoic acid and glycine
HIPPURATE TEST
134
Screening test for Group D Non-Enterococci and Enterococci
Bile Esculin test
135
Flesh-eating bacteria
Major throat pathogen
Diseases caused: pharyngitis /Strep throat; Necrotizing fasciitis, Erysipelas
(a skin infection), Scarlet fever
GROUP A - Streptococcus pyogenes
136
Necrotizing fasciitis is also known as
galloping gangrene
137
Erysipeloid is caused by
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
138
manifest with “strawberry tongue”
Scarlet fever
139
Repeated episodes of pharyngitis cause what post-sequalae complications
Acute glomerulonephritis or Bright’s disease
Rheumatic fever
140
Regarded as the # 1 cause of Neonatal meningitis
GROUP B - Streptococcus agalactiae
141
Reverse CAMP test is for
Clostridium perfringens
142
The reagent sodium hippurate is hydrolyzed into two end products
benzoic acid and glycine
143
Regarded as # 1 cause of adult bacterial meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
144
Skin test for pneumonia
Francis test
145
Test that will differentiate Pneumococci from other alpha-hemolytic Streptococci
Optochin Disk Test
146
Major throat flora
Cause subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)
Normal flora of the URT, GIT, and GUT
Viridans streptococci
147
All Neisseria are catalase and cytochrome oxidase test (+) except
N. elongata
148
