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Immunology & Serology > MTAP IS1 > Flashcards

MTAP IS1 Flashcards

1
Q

Causative agent of SMALLPOX

A

Variola virus

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2
Q

aka Speckled monster

A

Smallpox

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3
Q

Chinese developed a practice of inhaling powdered smallpox scabs

A

Variolation (1500)

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4
Q

Developed a vaccine against smallpox using cowpox antigens

A

Edward Jenner (1796)

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5
Q

Antibody reacts with antigen that is structurally similar to the original antigen

A

Cross reactivtiy

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6
Q

Cross reactivity is also known as

A

Antigenic similarity

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7
Q

In Cross reactivity, two different antigens have the same ___?

A

same EPITOPE

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8
Q

It is also known as the antigen binding site

A

EPITOPE

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9
Q

He was the first one to make an attenuated vaccine

A

Louis Pasteur

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10
Q

Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine against __?

A

Rabies

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11
Q

It means to make a pathogen less virulent

A

Attenuation

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12
Q

First one to explain Phagocytosis

A

Elie Metchnikoff (1800)

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13
Q

2 branches of immunity

A

Natural, Innate, Non-specific

Adaptive, Acquired, Specific

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14
Q

The branch of immunity that doesn’t require prior exposure

A

Natural, Innate, Non-specific

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15
Q

The branch of immunity that has an ability to remember a prior exposure

A

Adaptive, Acquired, Specific

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16
Q

Anatomical barriers designed to keep microorganisms from entering the body

A

External Defense System

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17
Q

External defense system (3)

A

Physical
Biochemical
Normal floraa

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18
Q

Internal defense system (2)

A

Cellular

Humoral

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19
Q

Examples of Physical external defense system (2)

A

Skin & mucous membrane

Cilia lining the respi tract

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20
Q

Examples of Biochemical external defense system (3)

A

Lactic acid in sweat
Lysozymes
Acidity of GIT & vagina

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21
Q

Examples of Cellular internal defense system (2)

A

Phagocytes

NK cells

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22
Q

Examples of Humoral internal defense system (4)

A

Acute phase reactants
Complement proteins
Defensins
Interferons A&B

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23
Q

Major phagocytes

A

Neutro
Mono
Macro

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24
Q

Minor phagocyte

A

Eosinophil

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25
Q

Plasma proteins that are increased during inflammation

A

Acute phase reactants

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26
Q

Acute phase reactants are produced by what cells?

A

Hepatocytes (liver)

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27
Q

True or False

Almost all proteins are produced by the kidney

A

FALSE

Liver

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28
Q

True or False

Immunoglobulins are produced by the liver

A

FALSE

Plasma cell

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29
Q

A non-specific marker for ACUTE inflamamtion

A

C-reactive protein

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30
Q

CRP consists of _____ subunits held together by ____ bonds

A

5 identical

noncovalent

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31
Q

The main substrate of CRP

A

Phosphocholine

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32
Q

An apolipoprotein that has a high affinity for HDL

A

Serum Amyloid A

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33
Q

Serum amyloid A is thought to contribute to localized inflammation in what disease?

A

Coronary artery disease

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34
Q

Series of serum proteins that are normally present

A

Complement proteins

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35
Q

Process that coats organism to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis

A

Opsonization

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36
Q

Process of guiding phagocyte to the site of injury

A

Chemotaxis

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37
Q

General plasma inhibitor of proteases released from leukocytes

A

Alpha1 Anti-trypsin

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38
Q

It counteracts the effects of neutrophil invasion during inflammation

A

Alpha1 Anti-trypsin

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39
Q

Haptoglobin binds irreversibly to ___

A

free hemoglobin

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40
Q

Acts as an antioxidant to provide protection against oxidative damage

A

Haptoglobin

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41
Q

Makes blood more viscous and promotes aggregation of RBC and platelets

A

Fibrinogen

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42
Q

The only Metalloenzyme

A

Ceruloplasmin

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43
Q

Disease lacking ceruloplasmin resulting to excess copper

A

Wilson’s disease

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44
Q

True or False:

Ceruloplasmin converts Ferrous to Ferric form

A

TRUE

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45
Q

This WBC belongs to the acquired immunity

A

Lymphocyte

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46
Q

WBCs that lack memory/recall

A

Neutro
Baso
Eo
Mono

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47
Q

Most abundant WBC

A

Neutrophil

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48
Q

WBC increased in bacterial infection

A

Neutrophil

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49
Q

True or False:

Pelger-Huet anomaly = neutrophils have >2 lobes

A

FALSE

<2 lobes

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50
Q

Most important role of Eosinophils

A

Neutralize basophil and mast cell products

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51
Q

Homeostatic regulator of inflammation

A

Eosinophil

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52
Q

Smallest of the granulocytes

A

Basophil

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53
Q

True or False:

Basophil is never a phagocyte

A

TRUE

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54
Q

Largest cell in the peripheral blood

A

Monocyte

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55
Q

Peroxidase positive

A

Monocyte

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56
Q

Peroxidase negative

A

Macrophage

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57
Q

Monocytes have _____ appearance

A

Ground-glass appearance

due to fine granules

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58
Q

WBC increased in chronic infection

A

Monocyte

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59
Q

A defense mechanism against the thick walls of Mycobacteria

A

Lipase

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60
Q

Monocytes that are already in the tissue

A

Macrophages

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61
Q

True or False:

Macrophages have a fast motility

A

FALSE

Slow

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62
Q

These cells resemble basophils but different lineage

A

Mast cells

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63
Q

Mast cells have a lifespan of ___ months

A

9-18 months

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64
Q

It has a high affinity for mast cells and basophils

A

IgE

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65
Q

Cells covered with long membranous extensions

A

Dendritic cells

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66
Q

Dendritic cells resemble ______

A

Nerve cell dendrites

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67
Q

Most potent phagicyte

A

Dendritic cells

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68
Q

It is the best antigen-presenting cell

A

Dendritic cells

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69
Q

Acts as sensors for EXTRAcellular function

A

Pathogen recognition receptors

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70
Q

PAMP stands for

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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71
Q

Peptidoglycan

a. Gram +
b. Gram -

A

a. Gram +

72
Q

Lipoproteins

a. Gram +
b. Gram -

A

b. Gram -

73
Q

Zymosan

a. Yeast
b. Gram +

A

a. Yeast

74
Q

Toll-like receptor is discovered by ____

A

Charles Janeway

75
Q

Recognize molecules that are found in microbial pathogens but not on host cells

A

Toll-like receptor

76
Q

When TLR binds to receptor, there will be ____

A

Phagocytosis

77
Q

TLRs have the highest concentration on what cells (3)

A

Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils

78
Q

TLRs found on CELL SURFACES

A

1,2,4,5,6

79
Q

TLRs found in ENDOSOMAL COMPARTMENTS

A

3,7,8,9,10

80
Q

Toll-like receptor for Flagellin

A

TLR5

81
Q

Toll-like receptor for DNA viruses

A

TLR9

82
Q

Steps of phagocytosis (4)

A

Initiation
Chemotaxis
Engulfment
Digestion & Excretion

83
Q

Migration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury

A

Chemotaxis

84
Q

Test for chemotaxis

A

Boyden Chamber Assay

85
Q

Substance released by the bacteria or injured tissue that acts as a guide for the phagocyte

A

Chemotaxin

86
Q

A movement without chemotaxins

A

Random chemotaxis

87
Q

During engulfment, the pathogen is enclosed in a ______

A

Phagocytic vacuole/Phagosome

88
Q

Substance that coats particles and organism to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis

A

Opsonin

89
Q

Also known as the Oxidative burst

A

Oxygen-dependent process

90
Q

Oxygen-dependent process is the increase in ____ consumption

A

Oxygen consumption

91
Q

Central killing of miccrobes

A

NADPH Oxidase

92
Q

It has antibacterial properties and produces Hypochlorite in addition of myeloperoxidase

A

Hydrogen peroxide

93
Q

A powerful antimicrobial solution

A

Hypochlorite

94
Q

Process by which degraded peptides within cells are transported to the plasma membrane where T cell recognize them

A

Antigen Presentation

95
Q

In antigen presentation, how are specific components brought to the cytoplasm

A

via Major Histocompatibility complex

96
Q

Disease associated with the inability to kill organism

A

Chronic Granulomatous disease

97
Q

Blood group associated with CGD

A

KELL group

98
Q

Chronic Granulomatous disease has an impaired production of ____

A

NADPH Oxidase

99
Q

Traditional test for CGD

A

Nitro Blue Tetrazolium test

100
Q

Current test used for CGD

A

Flow cytometry

101
Q

Abnormal Chemotaxis

Abnormal Random movement

A

Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome

102
Q

Abnormal Chemotaxis

Normal Random movement

A

Job’s syndrome

103
Q

In flow cytometry, neutrophils are labeled with ____

A

Dihydrorhodamine

104
Q

Result of CGD in flow cytometry

A

Less or absence of flourescence

105
Q

Kills EXTRAcellular organisms

A

Phagocytes

106
Q

Kills INTRAcellular organisms

A

NK cells

107
Q

NK cells are also known as

A

Large granular lymphocyte

108
Q

Markers of NK cells

A

CD 16

CD 56

109
Q

Important cytokine for NK development

A

Interleukin 15

110
Q

Receptor for the nonspecific end of antibodies

A

CD 16

111
Q

Induces programmed cell death

A

Granzymes

112
Q

Membrane disrupting proteins

A

Perforins

113
Q

ADCC stands for

A

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity

114
Q

Primary purpose of Inflammation

A

Attract phagocytes to site of injury

115
Q

Determine the cardinal sign:

Increased blood flow

A

Rubor - redness

116
Q

Determine the cardinal sign:

Exudation of fluid

A

Tumor - swelling

117
Q

Determine the cardinal sign:

Increased blood flow + exudation of fluid + release of mediators

A

Calor - heat

118
Q

It is an endogenous pyrogen

A

IL-1

119
Q

Determine the cardinal sign:

Stretch pain receptors and nerves by inflammatory exudates

A

Dolor - pain

120
Q

Determine the cardinal sign:

Pain, disruption of tissue

A

Functio laesa - loss of function

121
Q

Stages of Inflammation (3)

A

Vascular response
Cellular response
Resolution & Repair

122
Q

The stage of inflammation where mast cells release histamine

A

Vascular response

123
Q

Phagocyte that secrete IL-1 during inflammation

A

Macrophages

124
Q

Activates both B and T cells

A

IL-2

125
Q

It causes fever

A

IL-1

126
Q

Type of adaptive immunity wherein you’re exposed to the ANTIGEN

A

Active

127
Q

Type of adaptive immunity wherein you’re exposed to the ANTIBODY

A

Passive

128
Q

It gives a long term immunity but has a slow effect

A

Active adaptive immunity

129
Q

It gives a short term immunity but has an immediate response

A

Passive adaptive immunity

130
Q

Immunity that develops during convalescence from an infection

A

Active-Natural

131
Q

Immunity from placental passage of antibody

A

Passive-Natural

132
Q

Immunity from vaccination

A

Acitve-Artificial

133
Q

Immunity from injection of gamma globulin

A

Passive-Artificial

134
Q

Site of differentiation and maturation of naive lymphocytes

A

Primary lymphoid organs

135
Q

Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell

A

Bone marrow

136
Q

Largest tissue of the body

A

Bone marrow

137
Q

Bone marrow in birds

A

Bursa of Fabricus

138
Q

Small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax, chest cavity

A

Thymus

139
Q

Trapping site of pathogens

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

140
Q

Largest secondary lymphoid organ

A

Spleen

141
Q

Main site of antibody production

A

Spleen

142
Q

Spleen specifically traps pathogens found in __

A

Blood

143
Q

PALS stands for

A

Pariarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath

144
Q

Graveyard for both withe and red blood cells

A

Spleen

145
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs (10)

A 
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils 
Appendix
Peyer's patches 
Adenoid
MALT
GALT
BALT
SALT
146
Q

Medullary cords of lymph nodes

a. T cells
b. B cells

A

a. T cells

147
Q

Perifollicular and Paracortical regions of lymph nodes

a. T cells
b. B cells

A

a. T cells

148
Q

Follicular and Medullary of lymph nodes

a. T cells
b. B cells

A

b. B cells

149
Q

Function of this tissue is the filtration of interstitial fluid from around cells in the tissues

A

Lymph nodes

150
Q

Lymph nodes trap pathogens in ___

A

Tissue fluids

151
Q

Cortex region of lymph nodes contain ____

A

Macrophages

152
Q

Paracortex region of lymph nodes contain

A

T cells

153
Q

Lymphocytes enter nodes via _____ and exit via ____

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

Efferent lymphatic vessels

154
Q

Tonsils trap pathogens in

A

Upper respi tract

155
Q

Appendix trap pathogens in ___

A

Intestine

156
Q

Parasite usually isolated from appendectomy

A

Enterobius vermicularis

157
Q

Peyer’s patches trap pathogens in ____

A

Intestine

158
Q

MALT, GALT, BALT, SALT stands for

A

Mucosal
Gut
Bronchus
Skin - Associated lymphoid tissue

159
Q

Largest lymphatic vessel in body

A

Thoracic duct

160
Q

Smallest white blood cell

A

Lymphocyte

161
Q

WBC increased in Viral infections

A

Lymphocyte

162
Q

Latest markers of B cells (3)

A

CD 19, 20, 21

163
Q

Latest markers of T cells (3)

A

CD 3, 4, 8

164
Q

Latest markers of NK cells (2)

A

CD 16, 56

165
Q

Used to differentiate B to T cell

A

Sheep RBC

166
Q

TdT

A

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase

167
Q

A DNA polymerase active during the process of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene rearrangement

A

TdT

168
Q

Life span of T cells

A

4-10 years

169
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells

170
Q

Product of T cells

A

Cytokines

171
Q

CD4 +

CD8 -

A

T-helper cells

172
Q

CD4 -

CD8 +

A

T-cytotoxic

173
Q

Ratio of CD4/CD8

A

2 : 1

174
Q

Suppress immune response

A

T-regulatory cells

175
Q

Producers of IFN-gamma, TNF beta, IL-2

A

type 1 T-helper

176
Q

Type 2 T-helper cells produce (6)

A

IL-4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13

177
Q

Help B cells produce antibodies against EXTRAcellular pathogens

A

type 2 T-helper

Immunology & Serology (6 decks)

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