MTAP IS1 Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
Causative agent of SMALLPOX
A
Variola virus
2
Q
aka Speckled monster
A
Smallpox
3
Q
Chinese developed a practice of inhaling powdered smallpox scabs
A
Variolation (1500)
4
Q
Developed a vaccine against smallpox using cowpox antigens
A
Edward Jenner (1796)
5
Q
Antibody reacts with antigen that is structurally similar to the original antigen
A
Cross reactivtiy
6
Q
Cross reactivity is also known as
A
Antigenic similarity
7
Q
In Cross reactivity, two different antigens have the same ___?
A
same EPITOPE
8
Q
It is also known as the antigen binding site
A
EPITOPE
9
Q
He was the first one to make an attenuated vaccine
A
Louis Pasteur
10
Q
Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine against __?
A
Rabies
11
Q
It means to make a pathogen less virulent
A
Attenuation
12
Q
First one to explain Phagocytosis
A
Elie Metchnikoff (1800)
13
Q
2 branches of immunity
A
Natural, Innate, Non-specific
Adaptive, Acquired, Specific
14
Q
The branch of immunity that doesn’t require prior exposure
A
Natural, Innate, Non-specific
15
Q
The branch of immunity that has an ability to remember a prior exposure
A
Adaptive, Acquired, Specific
16
Q
Anatomical barriers designed to keep microorganisms from entering the body
A
External Defense System
17
Q
External defense system (3)
A
Physical
Biochemical
Normal floraa
18
Q
Internal defense system (2)
A
Cellular
Humoral
19
Q
Examples of Physical external defense system (2)
A
Skin & mucous membrane
Cilia lining the respi tract
20
Q
Examples of Biochemical external defense system (3)
A
Lactic acid in sweat
Lysozymes
Acidity of GIT & vagina
21
Q
Examples of Cellular internal defense system (2)
A
Phagocytes
NK cells
22
Q
Examples of Humoral internal defense system (4)
A
Acute phase reactants
Complement proteins
Defensins
Interferons A&B
23
Q
Major phagocytes
A
Neutro
Mono
Macro
24
Q
Minor phagocyte
A
Eosinophil
25
Plasma proteins that are increased during inflammation
Acute phase reactants
26
Acute phase reactants are produced by what cells?
Hepatocytes (liver)
27
True or False
| Almost all proteins are produced by the kidney
FALSE
| Liver
28
True or False
| Immunoglobulins are produced by the liver
FALSE
| Plasma cell
29
A non-specific marker for ACUTE inflamamtion
C-reactive protein
30
CRP consists of _____ subunits held together by ____ bonds
5 identical
| noncovalent
31
The main substrate of CRP
Phosphocholine
32
An apolipoprotein that has a high affinity for HDL
Serum Amyloid A
33
Serum amyloid A is thought to contribute to localized inflammation in what disease?
Coronary artery disease
34
Series of serum proteins that are normally present
Complement proteins
35
Process that coats organism to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonization
36
Process of guiding phagocyte to the site of injury
Chemotaxis
37
General plasma inhibitor of proteases released from leukocytes
Alpha1 Anti-trypsin
38
It counteracts the effects of neutrophil invasion during inflammation
Alpha1 Anti-trypsin
39
Haptoglobin binds irreversibly to ___
free hemoglobin
40
Acts as an antioxidant to provide protection against oxidative damage
Haptoglobin
41
Makes blood more viscous and promotes aggregation of RBC and platelets
Fibrinogen
42
The only Metalloenzyme
Ceruloplasmin
43
Disease lacking ceruloplasmin resulting to excess copper
Wilson's disease
44
True or False:
| Ceruloplasmin converts Ferrous to Ferric form
TRUE
45
This WBC belongs to the acquired immunity
Lymphocyte
46
WBCs that lack memory/recall
Neutro
Baso
Eo
Mono
47
Most abundant WBC
Neutrophil
48
WBC increased in bacterial infection
Neutrophil
49
True or False:
| Pelger-Huet anomaly = neutrophils have >2 lobes
FALSE
| <2 lobes
50
Most important role of Eosinophils
Neutralize basophil and mast cell products
51
Homeostatic regulator of inflammation
Eosinophil
52
Smallest of the granulocytes
Basophil
53
True or False:
| Basophil is never a phagocyte
TRUE
54
Largest cell in the peripheral blood
Monocyte
55
Peroxidase positive
Monocyte
56
Peroxidase negative
Macrophage
57
Monocytes have _____ appearance
Ground-glass appearance
| due to fine granules
58
WBC increased in chronic infection
Monocyte
59
A defense mechanism against the thick walls of Mycobacteria
Lipase
60
Monocytes that are already in the tissue
Macrophages
61
True or False:
| Macrophages have a fast motility
FALSE
| Slow
62
These cells resemble basophils but different lineage
Mast cells
63
Mast cells have a lifespan of ___ months
9-18 months
64
It has a high affinity for mast cells and basophils
IgE
65
Cells covered with long membranous extensions
Dendritic cells
66
Dendritic cells resemble ______
Nerve cell dendrites
67
Most potent phagicyte
Dendritic cells
68
It is the best antigen-presenting cell
Dendritic cells
69
Acts as sensors for EXTRAcellular function
Pathogen recognition receptors
70
PAMP stands for
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
71
Peptidoglycan
a. Gram +
b. Gram -
a. Gram +
72
Lipoproteins
a. Gram +
b. Gram -
b. Gram -
73
Zymosan
a. Yeast
b. Gram +
a. Yeast
74
Toll-like receptor is discovered by ____
Charles Janeway
75
Recognize molecules that are found in microbial pathogens but not on host cells
Toll-like receptor
76
When TLR binds to receptor, there will be ____
Phagocytosis
77
TLRs have the highest concentration on what cells (3)
Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
78
TLRs found on CELL SURFACES
1,2,4,5,6
79
TLRs found in ENDOSOMAL COMPARTMENTS
3,7,8,9,10
80
Toll-like receptor for Flagellin
TLR5
81
Toll-like receptor for DNA viruses
TLR9
82
Steps of phagocytosis (4)
Initiation
Chemotaxis
Engulfment
Digestion & Excretion
83
Migration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury
Chemotaxis
84
Test for chemotaxis
Boyden Chamber Assay
85
Substance released by the bacteria or injured tissue that acts as a guide for the phagocyte
Chemotaxin
86
A movement without chemotaxins
Random chemotaxis
87
During engulfment, the pathogen is enclosed in a ______
Phagocytic vacuole/Phagosome
88
Substance that coats particles and organism to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonin
89
Also known as the Oxidative burst
Oxygen-dependent process
90
Oxygen-dependent process is the increase in ____ consumption
Oxygen consumption
91
Central killing of miccrobes
NADPH Oxidase
92
It has antibacterial properties and produces Hypochlorite in addition of myeloperoxidase
Hydrogen peroxide
93
A powerful antimicrobial solution
Hypochlorite
94
Process by which degraded peptides within cells are transported to the plasma membrane where T cell recognize them
Antigen Presentation
95
In antigen presentation, how are specific components brought to the cytoplasm
via Major Histocompatibility complex
96
Disease associated with the inability to kill organism
Chronic Granulomatous disease
97
Blood group associated with CGD
KELL group
98
Chronic Granulomatous disease has an impaired production of ____
NADPH Oxidase
99
Traditional test for CGD
Nitro Blue Tetrazolium test
100
Current test used for CGD
Flow cytometry
101
Abnormal Chemotaxis
| Abnormal Random movement
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
102
Abnormal Chemotaxis
| Normal Random movement
Job's syndrome
103
In flow cytometry, neutrophils are labeled with ____
Dihydrorhodamine
104
Result of CGD in flow cytometry
Less or absence of flourescence
105
Kills EXTRAcellular organisms
Phagocytes
106
Kills INTRAcellular organisms
NK cells
107
NK cells are also known as
Large granular lymphocyte
108
Markers of NK cells
CD 16
| CD 56
109
Important cytokine for NK development
Interleukin 15
110
Receptor for the nonspecific end of antibodies
CD 16
111
Induces programmed cell death
Granzymes
112
Membrane disrupting proteins
Perforins
113
ADCC stands for
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
114
Primary purpose of Inflammation
Attract phagocytes to site of injury
115
Determine the cardinal sign:
Increased blood flow
Rubor - redness
116
Determine the cardinal sign:
Exudation of fluid
Tumor - swelling
117
Determine the cardinal sign:
Increased blood flow + exudation of fluid + release of mediators
Calor - heat
118
It is an endogenous pyrogen
IL-1
119
Determine the cardinal sign:
Stretch pain receptors and nerves by inflammatory exudates
Dolor - pain
120
Determine the cardinal sign:
Pain, disruption of tissue
Functio laesa - loss of function
121
Stages of Inflammation (3)
Vascular response
Cellular response
Resolution & Repair
122
The stage of inflammation where mast cells release histamine
Vascular response
123
Phagocyte that secrete IL-1 during inflammation
Macrophages
124
Activates both B and T cells
IL-2
125
It causes fever
IL-1
126
Type of adaptive immunity wherein you're exposed to the ANTIGEN
Active
127
Type of adaptive immunity wherein you're exposed to the ANTIBODY
Passive
128
It gives a long term immunity but has a slow effect
Active adaptive immunity
129
It gives a short term immunity but has an immediate response
Passive adaptive immunity
130
Immunity that develops during convalescence from an infection
Active-Natural
131
Immunity from placental passage of antibody
Passive-Natural
132
Immunity from vaccination
Acitve-Artificial
133
Immunity from injection of gamma globulin
Passive-Artificial
134
Site of differentiation and maturation of naive lymphocytes
Primary lymphoid organs
135
Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
Bone marrow
136
Largest tissue of the body
Bone marrow
137
Bone marrow in birds
Bursa of Fabricus
138
Small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax, chest cavity
Thymus
139
Trapping site of pathogens
Secondary lymphoid organs
140
Largest secondary lymphoid organ
Spleen
141
Main site of antibody production
Spleen
142
Spleen specifically traps pathogens found in __
Blood
143
PALS stands for
Pariarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath
144
Graveyard for both withe and red blood cells
Spleen
145
Secondary lymphoid organs (10)
```
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Appendix
Peyer's patches
Adenoid
MALT
GALT
BALT
SALT
```
146
Medullary cords of lymph nodes
a. T cells
b. B cells
a. T cells
147
Perifollicular and Paracortical regions of lymph nodes
a. T cells
b. B cells
a. T cells
148
Follicular and Medullary of lymph nodes
a. T cells
b. B cells
b. B cells
149
Function of this tissue is the filtration of interstitial fluid from around cells in the tissues
Lymph nodes
150
Lymph nodes trap pathogens in ___
Tissue fluids
151
Cortex region of lymph nodes contain ____
Macrophages
152
Paracortex region of lymph nodes contain
T cells
153
Lymphocytes enter nodes via _____ and exit via ____
Afferent lymphatic vessels
| Efferent lymphatic vessels
154
Tonsils trap pathogens in
Upper respi tract
155
Appendix trap pathogens in ___
Intestine
156
Parasite usually isolated from appendectomy
Enterobius vermicularis
157
Peyer's patches trap pathogens in ____
Intestine
158
MALT, GALT, BALT, SALT stands for
Mucosal
Gut
Bronchus
Skin - Associated lymphoid tissue
159
Largest lymphatic vessel in body
Thoracic duct
160
Smallest white blood cell
Lymphocyte
161
WBC increased in Viral infections
Lymphocyte
162
Latest markers of B cells (3)
CD 19, 20, 21
163
Latest markers of T cells (3)
CD 3, 4, 8
164
Latest markers of NK cells (2)
CD 16, 56
165
Used to differentiate B to T cell
Sheep RBC
166
TdT
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase
167
A DNA polymerase active during the process of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene rearrangement
TdT
168
Life span of T cells
4-10 years
169
Cell-mediated immunity
T cells
170
Product of T cells
Cytokines
171
CD4 +
| CD8 -
T-helper cells
172
CD4 -
| CD8 +
T-cytotoxic
173
Ratio of CD4/CD8
2 : 1
174
Suppress immune response
T-regulatory cells
175
Producers of IFN-gamma, TNF beta, IL-2
type 1 T-helper
176
Type 2 T-helper cells produce (6)
IL-4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13
177
Help B cells produce antibodies against EXTRAcellular pathogens
type 2 T-helper
