Multisensory integration - body schemas

Question 1

what tasks are seemingly easy for humans that are difficult for robots?

Answer 1

reaching, grasping, manipulating objects

Question 2

what tasks are seemingly hard for humans that are easy for robots?

Answer 2

playing chess, solving logic puzzles

Question 3

how are computers good at hard tasks?

Answer 3

use inference, pick best pathway from list of different objects, basic strategy

Question 4

basic sensorimotor skills are hard to do with AI but its easy to make computers exhibit adult level performance on intelligence tests/playing chess. what paradox is this?

Answer 4

Moravec’s paradox

Question 5

what senses are needed to light a match?

Answer 5

vision and touch

Question 6

what 2 senses provide multi sensory integration?

Answer 6

vision and touch

Question 7

for what type of tasks do we need to integrate information across different senses?

Answer 7

motor tasks

Question 8

reference frame from vision =-

Answer 8

eye centred, retinal

Question 9

reference frame for audition =

Answer 9

head centred, location of sound source with respect to ears

Question 10

reference frame for touch =

Answer 10

body centred, location of tactile stimulus on skin

Question 11

we need to convert between _______ ______ and to _____ ______

Answer 11

reference frames, external space

Question 12

to get from an eye centred reference frame to a head reference frame what do you need to know?

Answer 12

the relative angle between the 2 frames > causes a shift in reference frame

Question 13

eye > head = need to know orientation of?

Answer 13

eyes

Question 14

head > body = need to know orientation of?

Answer 14

head

Question 15

what required knowledge is needed to convert between reference frames?

Answer 15

relative position and orientation of body parts

Question 16

relative position of body parts is called what?

Answer 16

body schema

Question 17

what are the features of the body schema?

Answer 17

spatial coded, modular, updated with movement, adaptable, coherent, interpersonal

Question 18

what happens every time we move?

Answer 18

our body schema is updated instantly

Question 19

position of each body part in external space =

Answer 19

spatial coded

Question 20

how do we know that the body schema is modular (different body parts processed in different brain regions)?

Answer 20

there are selective impairments for different body schemas

Question 21

how is the body schema adaptable?

Answer 21

it changes when the body changes > with age, changes get incorporated into the body schema over time

Question 22

how is the body schema coherent?

Answer 22

resolves perceptual conflicts between different senses > spatial continuity

Question 23

observed actions are represented within the same body schema =

Answer 23

interpersonal

Question 24

what are the 3 types of body representation?

Answer 24

body schema, body image, body semantics

Question 25

sensorimotor representation that guides action =

Answer 25

body schema

Question 26

i can feel that i have a body =

Answer 26

body percept

Question 27

awareness of what the body looks like/is made up of =

Answer 27

body concept

Question 28

names for the different body parts =

Answer 28

body sematics

Question 29

what type of task did Heed & Azanon (2014) conduct to see if body posture affects perception?

Answer 29

temporal order judgement task

Question 30

what were the findings from Heed & Azanon's study?

Answer 30

ppts did worse when arms crossed as body schema interfered, they mixed up which hand was stimulated when arms crossed

Question 31

when does the body schema start to develop?

Answer 31

6 months

Question 32

at 6 months the body schema starts to interfere with what?

Answer 32

tactile orientation

Question 33

what were the results from Begum ali et al, 2015 study on babies body schemas?

Answer 33

at 4 months no difference when feet were crossed (no inference) at 6 months more correct responses when feet were uncrossed (50% chance of correct reach > showed interference from body schema)

Question 34

do incongruent or congruent distractors lead to longer reaction times?

Answer 34

incongruent

Question 35

delay =

Answer 35

incongruent reaction time - congruent reaction time

Question 36

cross modal congruency was shown when a delay was due to ?

Answer 36

a visual distractor

Question 37

distractors lead to _____ delays

Answer 37

response

Question 38

same hand distractors lead to _______ delays than different hand distractors

Answer 38

longer

Question 39

the space immediately surrounding our bodies =

Answer 39

peripersonal space (PPS)

Question 40

objects within this can be grasped and manipulated immediately, not fixed (can contract and expand) =

Answer 40

PPS

Question 41

PPS can change depending on what 2 things?

Answer 41

environment, body posture

Question 42

what can be incorporated into the body schema during use to extend the body?

Answer 42

tools

Question 43

what effects also apply during tool use?

Answer 43

cross modal congruency effects

Question 44

when the tools are crossed (not arms) the _____ delay effects are seen during arm crossing. This shows tools become part of ______ _____

Answer 44

same, body schema

Question 45

list some of the disorders of body schema

Answer 45

Alice in Wonderland syndrome, autopagnosia, finger agnosia, phantom limbs

Question 46

distortion of size perception that can affect the whole body=

Answer 46

alice in wonderland syndrome

Question 47

body parts might appear smaller =

Answer 47

microsomatognosia

Question 48

body parts might appear bigger =

Answer 48

macrosomatognosia

Question 49

what is alice in wonderland syndrome associated with?

Answer 49

childhood and migraines

Question 50

inability to locate body, loss of spatial unity of body, patients know body parts but not how they fit together =

Answer 50

autopagnosia

Question 51

fused percept of fingers and no concept of individual fingers =

Answer 51

finger agnosia

Question 52

after limb loss presence of limbs still felt, includes agency over limb =

Answer 52

phantom limbs

Question 53

what are phantom limbs associated with?

Answer 53

pain

Question 54

how can phantom limbs change in size over time?

Answer 54

shrink, telescoping (body schema is not updated correctly)

Question 55

what is the neural basis of the body schema?

Answer 55

cross modal neurons

Question 56

neurons respond to both ______ and ______ stimuli

Answer 56

visual, tactile

Question 57

how are tools reflected in neural responses?

Answer 57

expansion of PPS during tool use