Muscle, Neurotransmitters and Physiology Poutpourri Flashcards by Denisse Tiangco

Anchored to M line

Myosin

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Extends from one Z line to another Z line

Sarcomere

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Component of I band

Actin

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Component of H band

Myosin

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A band contains

Both actin and myosin

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A band does not

change in length

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During contraction, I band

disappears and moves toward M line

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Where actin is anchored

Z line

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Bisects I band

Z line

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Bisects the H band

M line

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Made up of single myosin tail and 2 myosin heads

Thick bands

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Made up of actin with tropomyosin and troponin complex (I, C and T)

Thin filament

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Troponin T or

tropomyosin

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Attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin

Troponin T

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Troponin I function

Inhibits action of actin and myosin

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Troponin C function

When bound to Ca promotes interaction of binding of Ca to actin

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Contraction steps

Ach binding to motor endplate
Opening of Na ch 
Sarcolemmal depolarization
AP spreads until it reaches T tubule
Excitation of terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Opening of Ca gates
Ca release from SR
Ca binds with Troponin C leading to conformational change of tropomyosin 
Uncovering and exposure of myosin binding site 
Myosin binds with myosin binding site
Cross bridge formation
Contraction

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Cross bridge cycle

Ca binds to Troponin C
Conformational change on tropomyosin
Exposure of myosin binding site
Myosin head bound to binding site
In absence of ATP remains bound
ATP attachment to myosin head promotes detachment
Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate
Myosin attaches to new site of actin constituting powert stroke (+ end)
ADP released
Rigor state

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Relaxation occurs when

Ca is detached from Troponin C

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Return of intracellular calcium occurs via entry back to

SERCA

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Cardiac Muscle

AP in sarcolemma of muscle fiber
AP spreads into T tubule
Opening of voltage gated Ca ch opens
Extra cellular Ca gets inside cell (lacking in skeletal)
Extracellular Ca binds to Ryanodine receptor
Ryanodine receptor stimulates release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum
(Calcium induced, Calcium release)
Binding to Troponin C
Exposure of myosin binding site
Cross bridge cycling
Relaxation via return of Ca through SERCA to sarcoplasmic reticulum

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Smooth Muscle Excitation contraction coupling

Voltage gated Ca ch opens
Extracellular Ca inside cell causes depolarization
Opening of Ca ch in SR
Release of intracellular Ca (Ca mediated, Ca release)
Binding of Ca to calmodulun
Ca-calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase
MLCK phosphorylates light chains in myosin heads and increases myosin ATPase activity
Active myosin crossbridges slide along actin abd create tension

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Source of Ca: SR
Site of Ca regulation: Troponin on actin-containing thin filament
Pacemaker: No
Effects of NS: Excitation
Speed of contraction: Slow to fast
Rhythmic contraction: No
Response to stretch: Contractile strength increases with degree of stretch to a point
Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic

Skeletal

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Source: SR and ECF
Troponin on actin-containing thin filaments
Presence of pacemaker

Cardiac muscle

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Two typew of muscle spindle

Nuclear bag | Nuclear chain

Muscle spindles are innervated by different kinds of nerve endings:

Annulospiral (primary sensory) | Flower-spray (secondary sensory)

From the primary endings, subserve the monosynaptic stretch reflex

Group IA Afferent

From the secondary endings, terminate on the interneurons on the spinal cords

Group IIA Afferent

``` Red muscle Ex Soleus Primarily aerobic Small diameter Slow velocity of shortening Oxidative system ``` Function: Endurance

Slow twitch Type I | Oxidative red muscle

``` White muscle Ex: Stapedius Metabolism: Primarily anaerobic Large diameter Fast velocity of shortening Phosphagen/Glycolytic System ``` Function: Delivers power surge for few seconds to minutes

Fast Twitch Type II | Glycolytic White Muscle

More mitochondria Higher myoglobin, capilary supply More sensitive to hypoxia Higher resistance to fatigue

Slow twitch Type I

Fewer mitochondria Lower capillary supply Lower myoglobin Lower sensitivity to hypoxia Lower resistance to fatigue

Fast-twitch

Only type of muscle without gap junction

Skeletal

Norma nerve resting membrane potential

-70 mv

NT found in pre ganglionic and neuromuscular junction

Ach

Where Ach is produced

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Basal Ganglia)

NT produced by locus ceruleus

NE is produced in the adrenal medulla by

Chromaffin cells

Phenylalanine and Tyrosine yield NTs:

Epi NE Dopa

Toxin that blocks Na channels of NEURONS

Tetradotoxin of puffer fish and | Saxitoxin

Toxin that blocks Acetylcholine

Botulinum toxin Botulinum toxin A - derma and aesthetic purpose, neurologic spasticity, spasm and dystonia

Toxin that blocks both GABA and Glycine

Tetanospasmin from tetanus C tetani

Algae causing red tide and algal blooms

Pfeisteria

Amnesia in hippocampus

Anterograde amnesia Dec ability to retain new information

Type of amnesia caused by thalamic lesion

Retrograde amnesia Unable to recall events that occured before the development of the amnesia

Bilateral Temporal Lesion Temporal lobectomy Loss of social inhibition Hypersexuality

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

Vestibular system responsible for linear acceleration

Utricle | Saccule

Responsible for angular acceleration

Semi circular Canal

Important neurons in arousal and wakefulness

Orexin neurons

Orexin or hypocretin is produced by the neurons of the

hypothalamus

Loss or destruction of orexin producing neurons cause

Narcolepsy

Nuclei of the brain responsible for ADH/AVP/Vasopressin

Posterior pituitary | Supraoptic nuclei

Nuclei responsible for secretion of oxytocin

Paraventricular nuclei | Posterior pituitary gland

Oxytocin functions

Uterine contractions | Milk let down reflex

Ghrelin is a hormone

for hunger

Leptin is the hormone for

Satiety

Complex phospholipid secreted by type II epithelial cells Decreases alveolar surface tension to decrease the work of breathing

Surfactant

The type of alveolar cel producing surfactant

Type II pneumocyte

What week does surfactant mature

35 weeks

What do we give to those less than 35 weeks AOG?

Betametasone | Dexamethasone

What are the diseases associated with deficiency of surfactant?

Hyaline Membrane Disease/Respiratory Distress Syndrome of Newborn (Type II) ARDS in adult is caused by Type I Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Phosphatidylglycerol is also

cardiolipin

Used as marker in VDRL

Cardiolipin | Phosphatidylglycerol

Surfactant

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Normal FEV1/FVC ratio

80% | 0.80

Phenomenon associated with unloading of oxygen secondary to increased hydrogen

Bohr Effect

Phenomenon associated with unloading of carbon dioxide secondary to increased oxygen?

Haldane effect

Increased oxygen delivery to the tissues when carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Bohr effect

Release of carbon dioxide when oxygen binds with hemoglobin

Haldane effect

Where is EPO produced?

Peritubular capillaries of the kidney

Enzyme is present in the kidney to convert Vitamin D in its active form

1 alpha hydroxylase

Active form of Vitamin D

1,25 Dihydrocholecalciferol

Vitamin D deficiency in children is known as in adults

Rickets Osteomalacia

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

Secrete renin

JG cells

The components of juxtaglomerular apparatus:

JG Cells Macula densa Mesangiel cells

Senses changes in volume and decrease in NaCl concentration

Macula densa

Normal protein content of the urine?

First urge to void is felt at a bladder volume of about

150 ml

Marked fullness of the bladder at about

400 ml

What substance would be secreted in response to changes in BP by JG cells of the afferent arterioles?

Renin

Renin action:

Converts Angiotensinogen from the liver to Angiotensin I

ACE converts

Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

No active sodium transport | Highly permeable to water

Descending limb

Actively pumps sodium out of tubule to surrounding intersititial fluid Impearmeable to water

Ascending limb

Impermeable to urea

TAL DCT Cortical CD

Where is aldosterone specifically produced?

Zona glomerulosa of cortex

What is the Specific action of ADH on the kidney

Causes insertion of aquaporins/water channels on the distal tubules

ADH receptors in distal tubules are affected | Lithium

Nephrogenic DI

Renal threshold for glucose

180 mg/dl

What is the strongest stimulus for erythropoeitin secretion?

Hypoxia

Smallest branchest of the arteries | The site of highest resistance in the cardiovascular system

arterioles

Contain the highest proportion of blood in CV system

Veins

The muscle length prior to contractility and it is dependent of ventricular filling or EDV

Preload

The value is related to right atrial pressure

Preload

Most important determining factor of preload

Venous return

The tension or the arterial pressure against which the ventricle must contract If arterial pressure increases, afterload also increases

Afterload

Preload =

EDV

Afterload =

End systolic wall stress/tension or Resistance

Is the volume of blood pumped each minute and is expressed by the equation:

Cardiac Output = SV x HR

RMP of GI Smooth Muscle

-40 to -80 mV

Slow waves produced by the

Interstitial Cells of Cajal

Predominant excitatory neurotransmitter of GI

Acetylcholine | Para

Inhibitory neurotransmitter of GI tract

VIP | NO

Stomach secretes approximately this amount of gastric juice everyday

2 L

Most important of the pancreatic enzymes for digesting proteins

Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypolypeptidase

CCK is secreted by

I cells

What is the effect of CKK on the Sphincter of Oddi?

GB contraction | Sphincter of Oddi Relaxation

Maximum amount the GB can hold

30-60 mL

Bile salts in the intestinal tract:

Emulsifying or detergent function of bile salts

Muscle, Neurotransmitters and Physiology Poutpourri Flashcards

(110 cards)