Cell Components and Neurotransmitters Flashcards
1
Q
Wear and tear
A
Lipofuschin
2
Q
Dark brown/black pigmentation
A
Melanin from tyrosine
MSH from anterior pituitary
ACTH
3
Q
Lateral membrane cell surface modification
A
Zonula occludens
Zonula adherens
Desmosome
Gap junctions
4
Q
Prevents or retards the diffusion of material
Tight or Leaky
Rapidly formed and disassembled
A
Zonula occludens
5
Q
Tight junction
A
BBB
6
Q
Leaky membrane
A
Glomerulus
7
Q
Diuretic that bypasses the BBB
A
Mannitol
8
Q
Antiinflammatory agent that penetrates TB meningitis
A
Dexamethasone
9
Q
Macula adherens
Attaches 2 adjacent cells
A
Desmosome
10
Q
Pathology of pemphigus vulgaris leading to lack of attachment
A
Pemphigus vulgaris
11
Q
Slight rubbing of skin results in exfoliation of the outermost layer
A
Nikolsky sign
12
Q
Positive Nikolsky in
A
Pemphigus vulgaris
TEN
SSSS
Ritter’s
13
Q
Nikolsky is negative in
A
Bullous pemphigoid
14
Q
Structure affected in bullous pemphigoid
A
Hemidesmosome
15
Q
Hemidesmosome
Negative Nikolsky
Skin but not oral mucosa
A
Bullous pemphigoid
16
Q
Desmosome
Positive Nikolsky
Skin and oral mucosa
A
Pemphigus vulgaris
17
Q
Cell surface apical modification
A
Motile (cilia, flagella)
Non-motile (stereocilia, kinocilium, microvilli)
18
Q
Infertility
Reduced or Absent mucociliary clearance (Chronic sinusitis)
A
Immotioe cilia
19
Q
Motile cell process fhat contains microtubule
A
Flagella
20
Q
Function to increase cell surface area
A
Microvilli
21
Q
Longer than cilia that contain microtubule
A
Flagella
22
Q
Found at the apices lining the epididymis Vas Deferens and hair cells of inner ear
A
Stereocilia
23
Q
Damages stereocilia or kinocilium in inner ear
A
Aminoglycoside
24
Q
Single non motile cilium-like structures in the inner ear
A
Kinocilium
25
Functions associated with propelling single cells
Flagella
26
Functions associated with movement and transport of fluid
Cilia
27
Absorption
Secretion
Adhesion
Mechanical transduction
Microvilli
28
Most common cause of villous atrophy
Celiac sprue
29
Increase or decrease in the variable regulated brings about responses that tend to move the variable in the direction opposite (negative) to of the original change
Negative feedback
30
the increase or decrease in the variable regulated brings about responses that tend to move the variable in the same direction (“positive”) of the original change
Oxytocin
| Estrogen -> LH
31
Homeostasis is achieved by
Compartmentalization
```
Intracellular
Extracellular (interstitial, intravascular)
```
32
ECF cation
| ECF anion
Na
| Cl
33
ICF cation
| ICF anion
K
| Protein
34
Uphill electrochemical gradient
Primary active transport
Cotransport
Countertransport
35
Only type of transport not carrier mediated
Simple diffusion
36
Primary active transport
NaKATPase pump
usual stoichiometry is 3Na/2K
Energy provided by terminal phosphate bond of ATP
Ca ATPase pump- sarcoplasmic ER
HKATPase pump
gastric parietal cells and renal a-intercalated cell
37
Cardiac drug that inhibits NaK ATPase pump
Digoxin
38
Gastritis of autoimmune etiology
Type A
| Pernicious anemia
39
Type B gastritis is associated with
H pylori
40
Movement of molecules from one location to another due to random thermal motion is known as
diffusion
41
Amount of material crossing a surface in unit time
| Powered by the collision of molecules in a compartment
Flux
42
Opens when a change in membrane potential occurs
Voltage gated
43
Opens when a specific molecule binds to it
Ligand gated
44
Net flux: Higher to lower concentration
Does not use ATP
Uses carrier
Facilitated diffusion
45
Net flux: lower to higher concentration
Uses ATP
Responsible: unequal concentration
Active transport
46
Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
| Due to the difference in osmotically active substances across a semi permeable membrane
Osmosis
47
Process of net movement of water caused by concentration difference of water
Osmosis
48
Solutes generate a force that attracts water towards it
Osmotic force
49
Hydrostatic pressure that will prevent movement of water
Osmotic pressure
50
Major protein responsible for osmotic pressure
Albumin
51
Total concentration of solute/liter of solution
Osmolarity
52
Total concentration of solute/kg of solvent
Osmolality
53
Hypertonic solution
| Cell
shrinks
54
Isotonic solution
| Cell
No change in volume
55
Hypotonic solution
| Cell
swells
56
Specialized RER in neuron
Nissl substance
57
RMP of cell is because of
K conductance
| -70 mV
58
Nissl staining
Cresyl violet
59
Ion for neurotransmitter release
Ca
60
NE metabolites
3,4 Dihydroxymandelic Acid (DOMA)
Normetanephrine (NMN)
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid or Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA)
61
More sensitive test for pheochromocytoma
Plasma metanephrine
62
Tumors with VMA
Neuroblastoma
| Pheochromocytoma
63
Neuroblastoma
Homer-Wright rosette
64
Retinoblastoma rosettr
Flexner Wintersteiner Rosette
65
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
GABA
Glycine
Nitric oxide
Histamine
66
Glutamate is found in the
Dendrites
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
67
Serotonin
Midline raphe nuclei
68
Histamine
excitatory and inhibitory
69
Acetylcholine
Acetyl coA
| Citrate
70
Glutamine
Glutamate (astrocyte and glial cell)
71
Glutamate
a- ketoglutarate
72
GABA
Glutamate (by PLP)
73
Acetylcholine is associated with
Alzheimer’s
| Myesthenia gravis
74
Dopamine
Parkinsonism
Schizophrenia
Addictive disorder
75
Norepinephrine
Depression: undersupply of NE
76
Serotonin
Depressive disorder
OC disorder
Eating disorder
77
GABA
Anxiety disorder
Seizure/tremors: undersupply
Insomnia: undersupply
78
Glutamate
Schizophrenia: oversupply
Seizure: oversupply
Migraine: oversupply
79
Autonomic preganglionic neurons
Parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons
Acetylcholine
80
NT in sympathetic postganglionic
NE
81
NE is secreted in
locus ceruleus
82
NT found in preganglionic and neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine
83
Found in postganglionic sympathetic neurons NT
NE
84
Acetylcholine is an
ester of acetic acid and choline
85
Acetyl CoA + Choline -> Acetylcholine + CoA by the enzyme
Choline acetyl transferase
| ChAT
86
Acetylcholine -> choline + acetate by
the enzyme
Hydrolysis of acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
| AChE
87
AchE is given in diseases
MG
| Alzheimer’s
88
Main cholinergic receptors
Muscarinic receptor
| Nicotinic receptor
89
Ionotropic receptors permeable to Na, K and chloride ions
Two main types:
muscle type
neuronal typr
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
90
Muscle type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is blocked by
Curare
91
Neuronal acetylcholine recetors are blocked by
Hexamethonium
92
Stimulated by muscarine and acetylcholine
Blocked by atropine
Muscarinic acetylcholine recetors
93
Organophosphate poisoning symptoms
Increased oral secretions
| DUMBELLS
94
```
Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible)
For alzheimer’s
```
Donepezil - first line
Galantamine
Rivastigmine
Tacrine
95
Cholinesterase inhibitor for MG
Pyridostigmine (Mestinon)
Crisis: Neostigmine IV
Exacerbation warrants ventilatory support
96
Drug for carbamate insecticide
Alcarbim
97
Organophosphates act on acetylcholine through this thereby reducing ability of the enzyme to break down the neurotransmitter
Phosphorylate
98
Irreversible cholinesterase
Organophosphate insecticides (malathion, parathion)
Organophosphate-containing nerve agent (sarin gas)
99
Ach has difficulty binding at receptors in MG due to
IgG blockage of the binding site
| Ach rarely binds and ach-esterase begins to break it down
100
Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
| pathophysiology
Voltage gated Ca channel
101
Test for MG that shows decremental response
Jolly test (Repetitive Nerve Stimulation)
102
LEMS Jolly/Repetitive Nerve test response
incremental test
103
LEMS is a paraneoplastic syndrome of
Small cell Oat cell Lung CA
