Muscles of the Forearm and Hand Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Pronator Teres (elbow) Origin
A
Humeral head: Common flexor origin on the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle of humerus, and area immediately above (i.e. lower medial end of humerus).
2
Q
Pronator Teres (elbow) Insertion
A
Middle of lateral surface of radius.
3
Q
Pronator Teres (elbow) Action
A
Pronates forearm. Assists flexion of elbow joint.
4
Q
Pronator Teres (elbow) Nerve
A
Median nerve, C6, 7
5
Q
Pronator Teres (elbow) Basic Functional Movement
A
Ex: Pouring liquid from a container. Turning a doorknob.
6
Q
Pronator Teres (elbow) Sports that heavily utilize this muscle
A
Ex: Batting in cricket. Hockey dribbling. Volleyball smash.
7
Q
Pronator Teres (elbow) Strengthening Exercise
A
Pronation with strength bar
8
Q
Pronator Teres (elbow) Self Stretch
A
Hold weighted stick in front of body (lowered to front of upper legs). Hand in a palm-out position. Weight of stick increases supination via gravity.
9
Q
Wrist Flexors (forearm) Origin
A
Common flexor origin on the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle of humerus (ie lower medial end of humerus).
10
Q
Wrist Flexors (forearm) Insertion
A
Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
11
Q
Wrist Flexors (forearm) Action
A
Flex the wrist (flexor carpi radialis also abducts the wrist; flexor carpi ulnaris also adducts the wrist).
12
Q
Wrist Flexors (forearm) Nerve
A
Flexor carpi radialis: Median nerve, C6, 7, 8.
Palmaris Longus: Median nerve, C6, 7, 8, T1
Flexor carpi ulnaris: Ulnar nerve, C7, 8, T1
13
Q
Wrist Flexors (forearm) Basic Functional Movement
A
Ex: Pulling rope in towards you. Wielding an axe or hammer.
14
Q
Wrist Flexors (forearm) Sports that heavily utilize these muscles
A
Ex: Sailing. Water Skiing. Golf. Baseball. Cricket. Volleyball.
15
Q
Wrist Flexors (forearm) Movements or injuries that may damage these muscles
A
Overextending the wrist resulting from breaking a fall with the hand.
16
Q
Wrist Flexors (forearm) Common problems when muscles are chronically tight / shortened / overused
A
Golfer’s elbow (overuse tendonitis of common flexor origin), carpal tunnel syndrome.
17
Q
Wrist Flexors (forearm) Strengthening Exercises
A
- Biceps curl
- Wrist rolling (palm up)
- Wrist curl
18
Q
Wrist Flexors (forearm) Self Stretches
A
- Extend both arms in front. Use one hand to gently lever the other wrist into extension
- Table position (hands and knees); fingers pointed towards knees.
19
Q
Finger Flexors (forearm) Origin
A
Superficialis: Common flexor tendon on medial epicondyle of humerus. Coronoid process of ulna. Anterior border of radius.
Profundus: Medial and anterior surfaces of the ulna.
20
Q
Finger Flexors (forearm) Insertion
A
Superficialis: Sides of the middle phalanges of the four fingers.
Profundus: Medial and anterior surfaces of the ulna.
21
Q
Finger Flexors (forearm) Action
A
Superficialis: Flexes the middle phalanges of each finger. Can help flex the wrist.
Profundus: Flexes distal phalanges (the only muscle able to do so).
22
Q
Finger Flexors (forearm) Nerve
A
Superficialis: Median nerve, C7, 8, T1.
Profundus: Medial half of muscle, ulnar nerve, C7, 8, T1.
Sometimes the ulnar nerve supplies the whole muscle.
23
Q
Finger Flexors (forearm) Basic Functional Movement
A
Ex: “Hook grip’ as in carrying a briefcase. ‘Power grip’ as in turning a tap. Typing. Playing the piano and some strained instruments.
24
Q
Finger Flexors (forearm) Sports that heavily utilize these muscles
A
Ex: Archery. Maintainig grip in racket and batting sports. Judo. Rowing. Rock-face climbing
25
Finger Flexors (forearm) Movements or injuries that may damage these muscles
Overextending the wrist resulting from breaking a fall with the hand.
26
Finger Flexors (forearm) Common problems when muscles are chronically tight / shortened / overused
Golfer's elbow (overuse tendonitis of common flexor origin). Carpal tunnel syndrome.
27
Finger Flexors (forearm) Strengthening Exercises
1. Biceps curl
2. Chin-ups
3. Exercise ring finger flexion
28
Finger Flexors (forearm) Self Stretch
Gently pull each finger in turn into extension
29
Brachioradialis Origin
Upper two-thirds of the anterior aspect of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus (ie lateral part of shaft of humerus, 5-7.5 cms (2-3") above elbow joint.
30
Brachioradialis Insertion
Lower lateral end of radius, just above the styloid process.
31
Brachioradialis Action
Flexes elbow joint. Assists in pronating and supinating forearm when these movements are resisted.
32
Brachioradialis Nerve
Radial nerve, C5, 6.
33
Brachioradialis Basic Functional Movement
Ex: Turning a cork screw.
34
Brachioradialis Sports that heavily utilize this muscle
Ex: Baseball. Cricket. Golf. Racquet sports. Rowing.
35
Brachioradialis Strengthening Exercises
1. Biceps curl
2. Chin-ups
3. Upright rows
36
Supinator Origin
Lower lateral end of humerus (lateral epicondyle) and upper lateral end of ulna, and associated ligaments
37
Supinator Insertion
Dorsal and lateral surfaces of upper third of radius.
38
Supinator Action
Supinates forearm
39
Supinator Nerve
Deep radial nerve, C5, 6, (7).
40
Supinator Basic Functional Movement
Ex: Turning a door handle, or screwdriver
41
Supinator Sports that heavily utilize this muscle
Ex: Backhand in racquet sports.
42
Supinator Strengthening Exercise
Dumb-bell biceps curl
43
Supinator Self Stretch
Weight of stick increases pronation via gravity
44
Wrist Extensors Origin
Common Extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of humerus (ie lower lateral end of humerus)
45
Wrist Extensors Insertion
Dorsal surface of metacarpal bones.
46
Wrist Extensors Action
Extends the wrist (extensor carpi radials longus and brevis also abduct the wrist: extensor carpi ulnaris also adducts the wrist).
47
Wrist Extensors Nerve
Radialis longus and brevis: Radial nerve, C5, 6, 7, 8
| Extensor carpi unlaris: Deep radial (posterior interosseous) nerve, C6, 7, 8
48
Wrist Extensors Basic Functional Movement
Ex: Kneading dough. Typing. Cleaning windows.
49
Wrist Extensors Movements or injuries that may damage these muscles
Overflexing the wrist resulting from falling onto the hand.
50
Wrist Extensors Common problems when muscles are chronically tight / shortened / overused
Tennis elbow (overuse tendonitis of common origin on lateral epicondyle of humerus).
51
Wrist Extensors Strengthening exercises
1. Wrist roller (palm down)
2. Reverse wrist curl
3. Most dumb-bell exercises
52
Wrist Extensors Self Stretches
Use lower hand to gently lever the other wrist into flexion.
53
Finger Extensors (extensor digitorum) Origin
Common extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of humerus (i.e. lower lateral end of humerus).
54
Finger Extensors (extensor digitorum) Insertion
Dorsal surfaces of all the phalanges of the four fingers.
55
Finger Extensors (extensor digitorum) Action
Extends the fingers. Assists abduction (divergence) of fingers away from the middle finger.
56
Finger Extensors (extensor digitorum) Basic Functional Movement
Ex: Letting go of objects held in the hand.
57
Finger Extensors (extensor digitorum) Movements or injuries that may damage this muscle
Overflexing the wrist resulting falling onto the hand.
58
Finger Extensors (extensor digitorum) Common problems when muscle is chronically tight / shortened / overused
Tennis elbow (overuse tendonitis of common origin on lateral epicondyle of humerus).
59
Finger Extensors (extensor digitorum) Strengthening Exercise
Exercise ring finger extension
60
Finger Extensors (extensor digitorum) Self Stretch
Use one hand to gently lever the other wrist, and therefore fingers, into extension
61
Opponens Pollicis and Flexor Pollicis Brevis Origins
Oppenens pollicis: Flexor Retinaculum. Tubercle of trapezium.
Flexor pollicis brevis: Superficial head: Flexor retinaculum. Trapezium.
Deep head: Trapezoid. Capitate.
62
Opponens Pollicis and Flexor Pollicis Brevis Insertion
Opponens pollicis: Entire length of radial border of first metacarpal.
Flexor pollicis brevis: Radial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
63
Opponens Pollicis and Flexor Pollicis Brevis Action
Opponens pollicis: Opposes (ie abducts, then slightly medially rotates, followed by flexion and adduction) the thumb so that the bad of the thumb followed by flexion and adduction) the thumb so that the bad of the thumb can be drawn into contact with the pads of the fingers.
Flexor pollicis brevis: Flexes the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints of the thumb. Assists in opposition of the thumb towards the little finger.
64
Opponens Pollicis and Flexor Pollicis Brevis Nerve
Median nerve, (C6, 7, 8, T11).
65
Opponens Pollicis and Flexor Pollicis Brevis Basic Functional Movement
Opponens pollicis: eg Picking up small object between thumb and fingers.
Flexor pollicis brevis: eg Holding a thread between thumb and fingertips.
66
Opponens Pollicis and Flexor Pollicis Brevis Sports that heavily utilize these muscle
Ex: Rock-face climbing. Motorcycle sports (clutch and throttle movement).
67
Opponens Pollicis and Flexor Pollicis Brevis Movements or injuries that may damage these muscles
Overextending the thumb resulting from falling on the hand (rare).
68
Opponens Pollicis and Flexor Pollicis Brevis Strengthening Exercises
Exercise ring pinching exercise
69
Opponens Pollicis and Flexor Pollicis Brevis Self Stretch
Gently pull thumb into extension.
70
Lumbricales Origin
Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus in the palm
71
Lumbricales Insertion
Lateral (radial) side of corresponding tendon of extensor digitorum.
72
Lumbricales Action
Extend the interphalangeal joints and simultaneously flex the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers.
73
Lumbricales Nerve
```
This varies. The usual configuration is:
Lateral lumbricales (first and second): Median nerve, C(6), 7, 8, T1.
Medial lumbricales (third and fourth): Ulnar nerve, C(7), 8, T1.
However, the number of lumbricales supplied by the ulnar nerve may be increased to four or decreased to one.
```
74
Lumbricales Basic Functional Movement
Ex: Cupping your hand.
75
Lumbricales Sports that heavily utilise these muscles
Ex: Volleyball. Handball.
76
Lumbricales Common problems when muscles are chronically tight / shortened
Clawed hand. Inability to maintain flexion of the interphalangeal joints, as in rock climbing.
77
Lumbricales Strengthening exercise
Bringing thumb and fingers together.
78
Lumbricales Self Stretch
Bend fingers back.
79
Palmar Interossei and Dorsal Interossei Origin
Palmar Interossei: First: medial (ulnar) side of base of first metacarpal.
Second: medial (ulnar) side of shaft of second metacarpal.
Third: lateral (radial) side of shaft of fourth metacarpal.
Fourth: lateral (radial) side of shaft of fifth metacarpal.
Dorsal Interossei: By two heads, each from adjacent sides of metacarpals. Therefore, each dorsal interossei occupies an interspace between adjacent metacarpals.
80
Palmar Interossei and Dorsal Interossei Insertion
Palmar Interossei: Primarily into the extensor expansion of the respective digit, with possible attachment to base of proximal phalanx as follows:
First: Medial (ulnar) side of proximal phalanx of thumb.
Second: Medial (ulnar) side of proximal phalanx of index finger.
Third: Lateral (radial) side of proximal phalanx of ring finger.
Fourth: Lateral (radial) side of proximal phalanx of little finger.
Dorsal interossei: Into the extensor expansion and to base of proximal phalanx as follows:
First: Lateral (radial) side of index finger, mainly to base of proximal phalanx.
Second: Lateral (radial) side of middle finger.
Third: Medial (ulnar) side of middle finger, mainly into extensor expansion.
Fourth: Medial (ulnar) side of ring finger.
81
Palmar Interossei and Dorsal Interossei Action
Adduct (converge) fingers and thumb towards trhe middle (third) finger (palmar interossei). Abduct fingers away from middle finger (dorsal interossei). Assist in flexion of fingers at metacarphphalangeal joints.
82
Palmar Interossei and Dorsal Interossei Nerve
Ulnar nerve, C8, T1.
83
Palmar Interossei and Dorsal Interossei Basic Functional Movement
Palmar interossei: eg Cupping hand as if to retain water in the palm (ie drinking from the hand)
Dorsal Interossei: eg Spreading fingers as if to indicate numbers from two to four.
84
Palmar Interossei and Dorsal Interossei Sport that heavily utilises these muscles
Ex: Rock-face climbing.
85
Abductor Digiti Minimi Origin
Pisiform bone. Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris.
86
Abductor Digiti Minimi Insertion
Ulnar (medial) side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger.
87
Abductor Digiti Minimi Action
Abducts the little finger. A surprisingly powerful muscle, which particularly comes into play when fingers are spread to grasp a large object.
88
Abductor Digiti Minimi Nerve
Ulnar nerve, C(7), 8, T1.
89
Abductor Digiti Minimi Basic Functional Movement
Ex: Holding a large ball.
90
Abductor Digiti Minimi Sports that heavily utilize this muscle
Ex: Rock-face climbing. Basketball. Netball.
91
Opponens Digiti Minimi and Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Origin
Hook of hamate. Anterior surface of flexor retinaculum.
92
Opponens Digiti Minimi and Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Insertion
Opponens digiti minimi: Entire length of medial (ulnar) border of fifth metacarpal.
Flexor digiti minimi brevis: Ulnar (medial) side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger.
93
Opponens Digiti Minimi and Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Action
Opponens digiti minimi: Pulls metacarpal of the little finger forward and rotates it laterally, so deepening the hollow of the hand, and enabling the pad of the little finger to contact the pad of the thumb.
Flexor digiti minimi brevis: Flexes little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint.
94
Opponens Digiti Minimi and Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Nerve
Ulnar nerve, C(7), 8, T1.
95
Opponens Digiti Minimi and Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Basic Functional Movement
Ex: Holding a thread within the fingertips (along with the other fingertips).
96
Opponens Digiti Minimi and Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Sports that heavily utilize these muscles
Ex: Volleyball. Handball. Rock-face climbing.
97
Opponens Digiti Minimi and Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Common problems when muscles are chronically tight / shortened
Overabducting (opponens digiti minimi) or overextending (flexor digiti minimi brevis) the little finger resulting from falling into the ulnar side of the hand.
98
Opponens Digiti Minimi and Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Strengthening Exercises
Exercise ring pinching exercise with pinky and thumb.
99
Opponens Digiti Minimi and Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Self Stretches
Pull pinky laterally.
100
Abductor Pollicis Brevis Origin
Flexor retinaculum. Tubercle of trapezium. Tubercle of scaphoid.
101
Abductor Pollicis Brevis Insertion
Radial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
102
Abductor Pollicis Brevis Action
Abducts thumb and moves it anteriorly (as in typing or playing the piano). Assists in opposition of thumb.
103
Abductor Pollicis Brevis Nerve
Median nerve, C6, 7, 8, T1.
104
Abductor Pollicis Brevis Basic Functional Movement
Ex: Typing
105
Abductor Pollicis Brevis Sports that heavily utilize this muscle
Ex: Rock-face climbing
106
Abductor Pollicis Brevis Strengthening Exercise
Pull thumb against other hand
107
Abductor Pollicis Brevis Self Stretch
Use other hand to pull thumb back.
108
Abductor Pollicis Origin
Oblique fibers: Anterior surfaces of second and third metacarpals, capitate and trapezoid.
Transverse fibers: Palmar surface of third metacarpal bone.
109
Abductor Pollicis Insertion
Ulnar (medial) side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
110
Abductor Pollicis Action
Adducts the thumb.
111
Abductor Pollicis Nerve
Deep ulnar nerve, C8, T1.
112
Abductor Pollicis Basic Functional Movement
Ex: Gripping a jam jar lid to screw it on
113
Abductor Pollicis Sports that heavily utilize this muscle
Ex: Rock-face climbing.
114
Abductor Pollicis Movements or injuries that may damage this muscle
Overabducting the thumb resulting from falling on the hand.
