Biomechanics of Resistance Exercise

Question 1

the mechanisms through which the muscles and skeleton work together to create movement

Answer 1

biomechanics

Question 2

the skull (cranium), vertebral column (vertebrae C1 through the coccyx), ribs, and sternum

Answer 2

axial skeleton

Question 3

the shoulder (or pectoral) girdle (left and right scapula and clavicle), bones of the arms, wrists, and hands (left and right humerous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges), the pelvic girdle (left and right coxal or innominate bones), and the bones of the legs, ankles, and feet (left and right femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)

Answer 3

appendicular skeleton

Question 4

junctions of bones

Answer 4

joints

Question 5

joints that allow no movement or virtually no movement

Answer 5

fibrous joints (sutures of the skull)

Question 6

joints that allow limited movement

Answer 6

cartilaginous joints (ex vertebral disks)

Question 7

joints that allow considerable movement as in sports and exercise movements

Answer 7

synovial joints (ex: elbows & knees)

Question 8

the smooth covering on the articulating ends of bones

Answer 8

hyaline cartilage

Question 9

the fluid/gel contained in the joint capsule

Answer 9

synovial fluid

Question 10

joints which allow bones to rotate around 1 axis

Answer 10

uniaxial joint (ex: elbow, knee)

Question 11

joints that allow moevement around 2 perpendicular axes

Answer 11

biaxial joint

Question 12

joints that allow movement about all three axes

Answer 12

multiaxial joint

Question 13

the series of vertebral bones separated by flexible disks that allow movement to occur

Answer 13

vertebral column

Question 14

vertebrae found in the neck

Answer 14

7 cervical vertebrae

Question 15

vertebrae of the middle and upper back

Answer 15

12 thoracic vertebrae

Question 16

vertebrae of the low back

Answer 16

5 lumbar vertebrae

Question 17

vertebrae of the rear pelvis

Answer 17

5 sacral vertebrae (fused)

Question 18

vertebrae that form vestigial internal tail

Answer 18

coccygeal vertebrae

Question 19

the proximal attachment of a muscle (near the center of the body)

Answer 19

origin

Question 20

the distal attachment of a muscle (away from the center of the body)

Answer 20

insertion

Question 21

the pivot point of a lever

Answer 21

fulcrum

Question 22

the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the fulcrum

Answer 22

moment arm (or force arm, lever arm, or torque arm)

Question 23

the degree to which a force tends to rotate an object around a fulcrum

Answer 23

torque (or moment)

Question 24

force generated by biochemical activity, or the stretching of noncontractile tissue, that tends to draw the opposite ends of a muscle toward each other

Answer 24

muscle force

Question 25

force generated by a source external to the body (eg, gravity, inertia, friction) that acts contrary to muscle force

Answer 25

resistive force

Question 26

the ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through which a resistive force acts.

Answer 26

mechanical advantage

Question 27

a lever for which the muscle force and the resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum (triceps and elbow in a tricep extension)

Answer 27

first class lever

Question 28

a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than that through which the resistive force acts (calf muscle and calcanus in a calf raise)

Answer 28

second class lever

Question 29

a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum with the muscle force acting through a moment arm shorter than that through which the resistive force acts. (biceps and elbow in a bicep curl)

Answer 29

third class lever

Question 30

mass x acceleration

Answer 30

force

Question 31

force x distance

Answer 31

work

Question 32

work/time

Answer 32

power

Question 33

torque x angular displacement

Answer 33

work