Anatomical Terms

Question 1

Anatomical Position

Answer 1

The starting position for all muscle actions:
The body is standing upright with arms at the sides and the palms of the hand facing forward (supplanted).
All muscle actions are given from this point

Question 2

Arms “akimbo” Position

Answer 2

Normal standing position with arms by side and palms facing thighs; flex elbow; forearm moves in the frontal plane

Question 3

Planes and Axes

Answer 3

All movements take place parallel to a plane.

All movements take place around an axis.

Question 4

Sagittal Plane

Answer 4

Any plane parallel to the median plane. Movements in the sagittal plane rotate around the frontal axis.

Question 5

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Answer 5

Divides the body into superior (anterior) and inferior (posterior) sections. Movements in the transverse plane rotate around the vertical axis.

Question 6

Frontal Plane

Answer 6

Divides the body into front and back. Movements in the frontal plane rotate around the sagittal axis.

Question 7

Median (Mid-sagittal) Plane

Answer 7

A sagittal plane passing through the body from anterior to posterior, dividing the body into two equal halves.

Question 8

Anterior (or ventral)

Answer 8

Towards the front of the body

Question 9

Posterior (or dorsal)

Answer 9

Toward the back of the body

Question 10

Medial

Answer 10

Closer to the median plane than some other point

Question 11

Lateral

Answer 11

away from the median plane relative to some other point

Question 12

Superior (or cranial)

Answer 12

towards the head or closer to the head than some other point

Question 13

Inferior (or caudal)

Answer 13

towards the tail, or farther from the head than some other point

Question 14

Central

Answer 14

In the center of the body.

Question 15

Peripheral

Answer 15

Towards the surface of the body

Question 16

Distal

Answer 16

Distant form a point of reference

Question 17

Proximal

Answer 17

Near to a point of reference

Question 18

Cardio

Answer 18

refers to the heart

Question 19

Cephalo

Answer 19

refers to the head

Question 20

Chondro

Answer 20

refers to cartilage

Question 21

Encephalon

Answer 21

refers to the brain

Question 22

Gastro

Answer 22

refers to the stomach

Question 23

Hepato

Answer 23

refers to the liver

Question 24

Myo

Answer 24

refers to the muscle

Question 25

Neuro

Answer 25

refers to nerves

Question 26

Osseo

Answer 26

refers to bone

Question 27

Pneumo

Answer 27

refers to lungs

Question 28

Reno

Answer 28

refers to kidneys

Question 29

Uro

Answer 29

refers to the urinary system

Question 30

Vaso

Answer 30

refers to vessels

Question 31

Antibrachial

Answer 31

forearm

Question 32

Axilla

Answer 32

armpit

Question 33

Brachial

Answer 33

shoulder to elbow

Question 34

Calcaneal

Answer 34

heel

Question 35

Carpal

Answer 35

wrist

Question 36

Cervical

Answer 36

Neck

Question 37

Cubital

Answer 37

Elbow

Question 38

Femoral

Answer 38

thigh

Question 39

Hallux

Answer 39

Great toe

Question 40

Lumbar

Answer 40

Small of the back

Question 41

Metacarpal

Answer 41

Hand

Question 42

Metatarsal

Answer 42

Foot

Question 43

Nuchae

Answer 43

Back of the neck

Question 44

Pectoral

Answer 44

Anterior chest

Question 45

Peroneal

Answer 45

Area of the fibula

Question 46

Plantar

Answer 46

Sole of the foot

Question 47

Pollex

Answer 47

Thumb

Question 48

Popliteal

Answer 48

Back of the knee

Question 49

Tarsal

Answer 49

Ankle

Question 50

Thoracic

Answer 50

Chest

Question 51

Vaso

Answer 51

Vessels

Question 52

Volar

Answer 52

Palm of the hand.

Question 53

Condyle

Answer 53

A smooth, rounded prominence covered with articular cartilage

Question 54

Crest

Answer 54

A ridge

Question 55

Epicondyle

Answer 55

Above a condyle

Question 56

Facet

Answer 56

A small, smooth cartilage covered area

Question 57

Foramen

Answer 57

A hole through a bone

Question 58

Fossa

Answer 58

A depression or hollow

Question 59

Head

Answer 59

A smooth, rounded end of a bone

Question 60

Line

Answer 60

A long narrow ridge

Question 61

Neck

Answer 61

A constriction below the head of a bone

Question 62

Sinus

Answer 62

A mucous membrane lined cavity in a bone, filled with air

Question 63

Spine

Answer 63

A sharp projection

Question 64

Stylus

Answer 64

A pencil-point projection

Question 65

Tubercle, Tuberosity, Trochanter

Answer 65

An eminence or enlargement

Question 66

Long Bones

Answer 66

Are characterized by the fact that they are longer than they are wide and generally have tubular shafts and articular surfaces at each end. Function: locomotion.

Question 67

Short Bones

Answer 67

Are shorter than long bones and have generally tubular shafts and articular surfaces at each end. Short bones allow flexibility

Question 68

Flat bones

Answer 68

Are flat and relatively thin and have broad, flat surfaces. Function: protection

Question 69

Irregular bones

Answer 69

Almost any bone that is not a long bone, a short bone, or a flat bone. Ex: entire vertebral column, eight carpal bones, seven tarsal bones, patella

Question 70

Functions of bones

Answer 70

1. Blood cells are made in the marrow of bones (in their centers) and released into the blood stream 2. When a body doesn't ingest enough calcium (as during pregnancy or in post menopausal women), the body uses stored calcium by taking it from the bones. This process has the effect of weakening the bones, which is why it is important to get enough calcium when the body's needs are high. 3. The skeleton provides a support for organs and gives shape to the body.

Question 71

Bony Markings

Answer 71

Markings on the bones. Characterized by ridges, depressions, holes, rough or smooth areas. These markings are usually the origin or insertion of muscles.

Question 72

Frontal Bone - Bony Markings

Answer 72

None

Question 73

Parietal bone - Bony Markings

Answer 73

None

Question 74

Temporal Bone - Bony Markings

Answer 74

Mastoid process

Question 75

Occipital Bone - Bony Markings

Answer 75

1. Occipital protuberance 2. Superior nuchal lines 3. Inferior nuchal lines 4. Medial nuchal line

Question 76

Facial bones - Bony Markings

Answer 76

None

Question 77

Sternum - Bony Markings

Answer 77

1. Manubrium 2. Body of sternum 3. Xiphoid process 4. Clavicular notch

Question 78

Clavicle - Bony Markings

Answer 78

1. Sternal end | 2. Accromial end

Question 79

Ribs (12 pairs) - Bony Markings

Answer 79

1. Head 2. Neck 3. Angle 4. Shaft 5. Costal cartilage

Question 80

Vertebra, Cervical - Bony Markings

Answer 80

1. Body 2. Superior articular process 3. Inferior articular process 4. Transverse process 5. Transverse foramen 6. Vertebral foramen 7. Anterior tubercle 8. Posterior tubercle 9. Spiney process

Question 81

Vertebra, Thoracic - Bony Markings

Answer 81

1. Body 2. Superior articular process 3. Transverse process 4. Inferior articular process 5. Vertebral foramen 6. Spiney process 7. Pedicle 8. Superior demifacet 9. Inferior demifacet

Question 82

Vertebra, Lumbar - Bony Markings

Answer 82

1. Body 2. Superior articular process 3. Inferior articular process 4. Transverse process 5. vertebral foramen 6. Spiney process 7. Pedicle

Question 83

Sacrum - Bony Markings

Answer 83

None

Question 84

Coccyx - Bony Markings

Answer 84

None

Question 85

Scapula - Bony Markings

Answer 85

1. Inferior angle 2. Vertebral border 3. Superior angle 4. Superior border 5. Scapula notch 6. Coracoid process 7. Glenoid fossa (cavity) 8. Supraglenoid tubercle 9. Infraglenoid tubercle 10. Axillary border 11. Spine 12. Acromion process 13. Supraspinatus fossa 14. Infraspinatus fossa 15. Subscapular fossa

Question 86

Humerus - Bony Markings

Answer 86

1. Head 2. Anatomical neck 3. Greater tuberosity 4. Lesser tuberosity 5. Crest of the greater tuberosity 6. Crest of the lesser tuberosity 7. Surgical neck 8. Deltoid tuberosity 9. Lateral epicondyle 10. Lateral supracondylar ridge 11. Medial epicondyle 12. Medial supracondylar ridge 13. Trochlear 14. Olecranon fossa 15. Radial fossa 16. Coronoid fossa 17. Capitulum

Question 87

Radius - Bony Markings

Answer 87

1. Head 2. Radial tuberosity 3. Styloid process

Question 88

Ulna - Bony Markings

Answer 88

1. Olecranon process 2. Radial notch 3. Semilunal (trochlear) notch 4. Coronoid process 5. Ulna tuberosity 6. Supinator crest 7. Styloid process

Question 89

Femur - Bony Markings

Answer 89

1. Head 2. Neck 3. Intertrochanteric line 4. Greater trochanter 5. Intertrochanteric crest 6. Intercondylar fossa 7. Lesser trochanter 8. Gluteal line 9, Pectineal line 10. Linea aspera 11. Medial epicondylar ridge 12. Lateral epicondylar ridge 13. Adductor tubercle 14. Medial epicondyle 15. Lateral epicondyle 16. Medial condyle 17. Lateral condyle

Question 90

Tibia - Bony Markings

Answer 90

1. Lateral condyle 2. Medial condyle 3. Intercondyle emminence 4. Anterior tuberosity 5. Popliteal surface 6. Popliteal line 7. Anterior crest 8. Medial malleous

Question 91

Fibula - Bony Markings

Answer 91

1. Head | 2. Lateral malleous

Question 92

Arthrology

Answer 92

The branch of anatomy that deals with joints or articulation.

Question 93

Synarthrosis joints (juncturae fibrosae)

Answer 93

Immoveable joints. Sometimes the bones have fused together. Ex: innominate bone made up of ilium, ischium, & pubic bones. The joints between these bones are called sutures.

Question 94

Amphiarthosis joints (juncturae cartilagieae)

Answer 94

Joints with slight movement. 2 types: 1. Symphysis (cartilaginous) joints. ex: the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum 2. Syndesmosis (ligamentous) joints. ex: coraco-acromial joint (a ligament joins the coracoid process with the acromion process)

Question 95

Diarthrosis joints (juncturae synoviales)

Answer 95

Free movement joints (sometimes called a true joint) - Articular surfaces of bones (ends of bones are covered with cartilage) - Articular disk. A disk or meniscus may be situated between dissimilar surfaces to facilitate free movement - Articular capsule. A ligamentus capsule surrounds the joint and contains synovial fluid - A synovial membrane lines the articular capsule containing the synovial fluid. - Ligaments which run from one bone to the other which bind and stabilize the joint.Six types of Diarthrosis joints

Question 96

6 types of diarthrosis joints:

Answer 96

1. Gliding joint (arthrodia or orticulatatio plana) ex: carpal and tarsal bones 2. Hinge joint (ginglymus) ex: interphalangeal joints, humerus and ulna, knee and ankle joints. 3. Pivot joint (trochoid). ex: radioulnar joint (where the 4. Ball and socket joint (sppheroidea or enarthrosis). ex: shoulder and hip 5. Saddle joint (articulatio sellaris). opposing bones that come together are convex and concave. ex: thumb 6. Condyloid joint (articulatio ellipsoidea). condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. ex: wrist joint with radius and scaphoid carpal.

Question 97

Body parts that flex, extend, and hyperextend

Answer 97

1. Arm 2. Head 3. Toe 4. Spine 5. Finger 6. Hip-leg 7. Wrist

Question 98

Body parts that only flex and extend

Answer 98

1. Elbow 2. Knee 3. Thumb

Question 99

Scapula actions

Answer 99

1. Adduction 2. Elevation 3. Downward rotation 4. Abduction 5. Depression 6. Upward rotation

Question 100

Body parts that adduct and abduct

Answer 100

1. Arm 2. Hip-leg 3. Thumb 4. Horizontal arm 5. Finger 6. Toe

Question 101

Body parts that rotate

Answer 101

1. Spine (left and right) 2. Head (left and right) 3. Arm (internal and external) 4. Hip-leg (internal and external)

Question 102

Body parts that laterally flex

Answer 102

1. Head | 2. Spine

Question 103

Miscellaneous body actions

Answer 103

1. Forearm supination 2. Ankle dorsiflexion 3. Ankle eversion 4. Wrist radial flexion 5. Thumb-finger opposition 6. Forearm pronation 7. Ankle plantar flexion 8. Ankle inversion 9. Wrist ulnar flexion