1
Q
Muscles are responsible for:
A
- Body Movement
- Generating Heat
- Stabilizing Joints
2
Q
Process in which proteins inside the muscle fibers overlap more than when they are at rest.
A
Contracting
3
Q
Muscles comes from what word which means?
A
Latin word “mus” which means “little mouse”
4
Q
The essential function of muscle that sets it apart from other body tissues.
A
to contract or shorten
5
Q
Three types of muscle tissues
A
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
6
Q
Single, no branches
A
Skeletal and Smooth Muscles
7
Q
Branching chains of cells
A
Cardiac Muscle
8
Q
Unicleate cells
A
Smooth and Cardiac Muscles
9
Q
Multinucleate cell
A
Skeletal Muscles
10
Q
With Striations
A
Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles
11
Q
No striations
A
Smooth Muscles
12
Q
Cylindrical shaped
A
Skeletal Muscles
13
Q
Fusiform Shaped
A
Smooth Muscles
14
Q
Voluntary contractions
A
Skeletal Muscles
15
Q
Involuntary contractions
A
Smooth and Cardiac Muscles
16
Q
Slow to fast speed of contractions
A
Skeletal Muscles
17
Q
Slow Speed of contractions
A
Cardiac Muscles
18
Q
Very Slow Speed of Contractions
A
Smooth Muscles
19
Q
Muscle cells that are elongated
A
Skeletal and Smooth Muscles
20
Q
Elongated muscles are called
A
Muscle fibers
21
Q
The abiity of muscles to contract depend on __________.
A
Two types of miyofilaments
22
Q
Prefixes myo and mys means:
A
Muscle
23
Q
Prefix sarco means:
A
Flesh
24
Q
In muscle cells cytoplasm is called:
A
Sarcoplasm
25
Largest muscle fibers
Skeletal muscle
26
Muscle that are large, cigar-shaped, and multinucleate cells
Skeletal muscles
27
Also known as striated and voluntary muscle
Skeletal muscle
28
Each muscle fiber is enclosed in a delicate connective tissue called:
Endomysium
29
Several sheathed muscle fibers are then wrapped by a coarser fibrous membrane called:
Perimysium
30
Bundle of fibers are called:
Fasicle
31
Many fasicle are bound together by an even tougher overcoat of connective tissue called:
Epimysium
32
Covers the entire muscle
Epimysium
33
Epimysium bend to form a strong, cordlike _________.
Tendon
34
Epimysium bend to form a strong, sheetlike ________.
Aponeurosis
35
Are mostly tough collagen fibers.
Tendons
36
Muscles with no striations and is involuntary, spindle-shaped and unicleated cells.
Smooth muscles
37
Emptying the bowels and bladder are examples of ______ activities normally handled by smooth muscles.
Housekeeping activities
38
Striated, unicleated and involuntary muscles.
Cardiac Muscles
39
Special gap junctions that join the branching cells of cardiac muscles.
Intercalated discs
40
Important roles of skeletal muscles:
1. Produce movement
2. Maintain Posture and Body Position
3. Stabilize Joints
4. Generate Heat
41
Plasma membrane of muscle fibers are called:
Sarcolemma
42
Long ribbon like organelles which nearly fill the sarcoplasm.
Myofibrils
43
Give the muscle fibers its striated(banded) appearance
Light (I) band and Dark (A) band
44
Light (I) band has a midline interruption, a darker area called
Z disc
45
Dark (A) band has a lighter central area called:
H zone
46
Center of H zone that contains tiny protein rods that hold adjacent thick filaments together.
M line
47
Tiny contractile units
Sarcomeres
48
Structural and functional units of skeletal muscles
Sarcomeres
49
Produces striations in skeletal muscles
Myofilaments
50
Threadlike proteins in each sarcomere.
Myofilaments
51
Two types of myofilaments
Thick Filaments (myosin)
Thin Filaments (actin)
52
Form cross bridges when they bind to the thin filaments during contractions.
Myosin heads
53
When two actin-containing thin filaments slide toward each other during contractions __________ disappear
H zone
54
Is a spcialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
55
Stores calcium and to release it in demand when the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
56
Ability to recieve and respond to a stimulus
Irritability or Responsiveness
57
Ability to forcibly shorten when adequatly stimulated.
Contractility
58
Ability of muscle fibers to stretch
Extensibility
59
Ability to recoil and resume their resting length after beng stretched.
Elasticity
60
Functional properties of Muscle fibers
1. Irritability or Responsiveness
2. Contractility
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity
61
To contract, skeletal muscle fibers must be stimulated by:
Nerve impulses
62
Consists of nueron and all skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates.
Motor unit
63
Long thread-like extension of a neuron
Axon
64
When axons reaches the muscle it branches into a number of _______________, each which forms junctions with the sarcolemma of different muscle fibers
Axon terminals
65
Juncion of axon terminal and sarcolemma.
Neuromascular junction
66
Neuromascular junctions cointain ___________
Synaptic vesicles
67
Synaptic Vesicle is filled with ______________
Neurotransmitter.
68
A specific neurotransmitter that stimulates the skeletal muscles are
Acetylcholine(ACh)
69
The gab between nerve ending and muscle fiber membrane that is filled with interstitial fluid is called
Synaptic cleft
70
Opens more sodium channels that allow sodium ions to enter the cell
Depolarization
71
Depolarization creates _____________
Action potential
72
An enzyme present in the sarcolemma and synaptic cleft that breaks down acetylcholine(ACh) to acetic acid and choline
Acetylcholinesterase(AChE)
73
Law of muscle physiology that applies to muscle fibers
all-or-none
74
Different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening
Graded Responses
75
Single, brief, jerky contractions
Muscle twitches
76
Three pathways to regenerate ATP
1. Direct Phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
2. Aerobic pathway
3. Anaerobi glycolysis ad lactic acid formation
77
The unique high energy molecule that is found in muscle fibers but not other cell types.
Creatine phosphate
78
Series of metabolic pthway that use oxygen and occurs in mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation
79
Ratio of glucose and ATP
32 ATP : 1 glucose
80
Reaction that break down glucose without oxygen
Glycolysis
81
Slower reaction that requires continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients
Aerobic respiration
82
Products of Aerobic respiration
32 ATP per 1 glucose, H20 and CO2
83
In Anaerobic respiration glucose is broken down to _____________ to form 2 ATP
Pyruvic acid
84
Productsof anaerobic respiration
2 ATPper glucose and lactic acid
85
It happens when we exercise our muscles strenuously for a long time that it is unable to contract even though it is still being stimulated
Muscle fatigue
86
Not a total lack of oxygen but it happens when a person is not able to take in oxygen fast enough
Oxygen deficit
87
Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions
Isotonic contraction
88
The muscle shortes and movement occurs
Isotonic contractions
89
Muscle filaments are trying to slide but the muscle is pitted against a immovable object
Isometric contractions
90
Tension increases but muscles do not shorten
Isometric contractions
91
State of continuous partial contractions
Muscle tone
92
Result of different motor units being stimulated in a systemic way
Muscle tone
93
Results in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to fatigue
Aerobic or endurance exercise
94
Increases muscle size and strength
Resistance or Isometric exercise
95
Five Gloden Rules of Skeletal Mucles
1. With a few exceptions, all skeletal muscles cross at least one joint
2. Typically the bulk of skeletal muscles lies proximal to the joint crossed
3. All skeletal muscles have at least two atachments, the origin and the insertion
4. Skeletal muscles can only pull, they never push
5. During contractions, a skeletal muscle insertion moves toward the origin.
96
Attachment to an immovable or less movable bone
Origin
97
Attachment to a movable bone
Insertion
98
Occurs when muscles contract across joint
Body movement
99
Common types of body movements
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Ratation
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
100
Decreases the angle of the joint; brings two bones closer together
Flexion
101
Opposite of flexion; increases angle between two bones; typical straightening the elbow or knee
Extension
102
Extension beyond 180 degrees
Hyperextension
103
Movment of the bone around its longitudinal axis
Rotation
104
Movement of the limb away from the midline
Abduction
105
Opposite of Abduction; movement of the limb toward the midline.
Adduction
106
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Circumduction
107
Special Movements
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Eversion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition
108
Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin
Dorsiflexion
109
Pointing the toes away from the head
Plantar flexion
110
Turning sole foot medially
Inversion
111
Turning sole of foot laterally
Eversion
112
Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly; radius and ulna are parallel
Supination
113
Foremarm rotates medially so the palm faces posteriorly; radius and ulna cross each other like an X
Pronation
114
Moving the thumb to the touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand
Opposition
115
Interaction of Skeletal muscles in the Body
Prime mover
Antagonist
Synergist
Fixator
116
Muscle with major responsibility far a certain movement
Prime mover
117
Muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
Antagonist
118
Muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement or reduces undesirable movments
Synergist
119
Specialized synergist that hold a bone stil and stabilize the origin of a prime mover
Fixator
Anatomy and Physiology
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