Muscular skeletal

Question 1

Anatomical position

Answer 1

• body with face directed forward
• feet flat on the ground
• arms at the side
• palms of the hands facing forward

Question 2

skeletal system components and functions

Answer 2

• bones 206
• cartilages- lines ends of bones to avoid them compressing and damage at ends
• ligaments- connect bones to bones
• tenant- muscle to bone ( part of muscular system)

function
-support and protection
- movement- leavers
- storage
- producer red blood cells (some)

Question 3

type of bones

Answer 3

• long bones- longer then wide
• flat bones- thin, flat and curved ie. skull
• short bones- cube shape, hand and wrist
• irregular bones- does not fit into any other
• sesamoid bones- form within tendon- knee cap, thumb

Question 4

Different layers of bones and long bone structure

Answer 4

• compact bone- dense outer layer
• spongy bone- made of small trabecular
• compact bone sandwiched between connective tissue membrane
  
  • periosteum covers outside of compact bone
  • endosteum covers inside portion of compact bone
• long bone structure
  
  • diaphysis- tubular shaft, forms long axis
  • epiphyses- ends of long bone, made of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally

Question 5

bones have surface features that reveal important information

Answer 5

bone marking sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces

• openings- areas involved in joint formation or passages for blood vessels and nerves
• crest- narrow ridges

Question 6

the axial skeleton

Answer 6

• Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones divided into three major regions
• skull
• vertebral column- spine
• thoracic cage- ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae

Three functions:
1- form longitudinal axis of body
2- support head, neck and trunk
3- protect brain, spinal cord and thoracic organs

Question 7

Vertebral column- region, function and curves

Answer 7

5 major regions
1) cervical- 7 vertebrae
2) thoracic- 12 vertebrae
3) lumbar- 5 vertebrae
4) sacrum- one bone formed from fusion of several 5 bones, articulated with hip
5) coccyx-fused 4 bones

Function
- provides surface area for muscle attachment
supports/protects the spinal cord
- positions the head
- supports the upright position in sitting/standing

2 types of curvatures
- primary (thoracic and sacral)
- secondary ( cervical and lumbar

Question 8

all vertebrae structures

Answer 8

vertebral arch
spinous process
transverse process
vertebral foramen
body

Question 9

vertebrae different between regions

Answer 9

cervical-7
- small oval body
- large vertebral foramen
- bifid short spinous process- except c7
atlas c1 and axes c2

thoracic (12)
- heart shaped body
- smaller circular vertebral foramen
- large transverse process
- facets for articulation with ribs
- spinous process projections inferiorly

lumber vertebrae
- large oval body- weight bearing
- triangular vertebral foramen- not many muscles
- small transverse process
short, flat spinous process- back muscle
- zygapophyseal joints- articular surface (joint) alignment more vertical than cervical region- consequence- small range of motion

sacrum and coccyx
-5 fused vertebrae
- articulates with the pelvic girdle via the sacroiliac joints

• coccyx
  3-5 fused vertebrae
• fuse late in adult life, no role

Question 10

joints of the vertebral column

Answer 10

• intervertebral disc
  cushion0like pad between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers
• 2 regions
  nucleus pulposus- inner gelatinous nucleus (elasticity)

Question 11

thoracic cage composed and function

Answer 11

composed of thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
ribs laterally 12 pairs

Function-
protect vital organs of thoracic cavity
- supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
- attachment sites for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders

Question 12

upper limb has 30 bones

Answer 12

arm
- humerus
forearm
- radius and ulna
Hand
8 carpals- wrist
5 metacarpals- palm
14 plalangs- fingers

Question 13

the pelvic girdle

Answer 13

coxal bone and sacrum form hip girdle
3 bones- ilium, ischium, pubis form coxal bone

• functions
  attach lower limbs to axial skeleton
  transmit weight
  support pelvis organs
  less mobile, more stable

Question 14

lower limbs carry entire weight during standing and movement

Answer 14

• Thigh
  femur (patella)
• leg
  Tibia and fibula
• foot
  7 tarsals- hind foot
  5 metatarsals- mid foot
  14 phalanges- toes

Question 15

age related changes in bone

Answer 15

• children and adolescents bone formation is greater then resorption
  young adult- bone formation is same as resorption
  adults- bone formation is less then resorption

older adults- bone mass, mineralization, and healing ability decreases with age

Question 16

developmental aspects of bone

Answer 16

embryonic skeleton ossifies predictably- x-ray or ultrasound predicts fetal age
- most long bone begain ossifying by 8 weeks

• at birth, most long bones ossified except at epiphyses- epiphyseal plates persist to adolescence
• at 25, all bones are completely ossified, skeletal growth ceases

Question 17

Joints (articulations)

Answer 17

Functional connections that exist between the various bones of the skeleton

Function of joints- to give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together

Question 18

Classification of joints

Answer 18

structure classification (3)
type of material binding bones together and whether a joint cavity is present
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial

Functional classifications (3)
synarthrosis- very little movement (syn-means joint or together)
amphiarthrosis- slight movement- (amphi- both sides)
diarthrosis- freely movable

Question 19

structural classification-FIBROUS

Answer 19

FIBROUS- bones joined by collagen fibres, no joint cavity, little to no movement
types includes
syndesmosis- ligaments
Suture- short interlocking fibres
Gomphosis- peg in socket

Question 20

cartilaginous

Answer 20

bones joined by cartilages, no joint cavity, little to no movement
- synchondrosis
- symphysis

Question 21

classify a joint by its range of motion vs types of movement

Answer 21

RANGE OF MOTION
-noaxial- slipping/gliding movements
- uniaxial- one plane
- biaxial- 2 plane
- multiaxial- all three planes

TYPES OF MOVEMENT
gliding
-one flat bone glides or slips over another similar

surface
- Intercarpal joints
- intertarsal joints
- between vertebrae

angular movements
- Increase or decrease angular between two bones
- flexion (decreasing angle)
- extension (increasing)
- Hyper extension
- abduction/ adduction
- circumduction
- rotation- head
-Lateral/medial rotation
- Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion (leg)
- pronation/ supination (palm)
- inversion/eversion (foot)
- Retraction/ protraction (breathing)

Rotation

Question 22

6 types of synovial joints

Answer 22

Plane/gliding- slight movement along relative flat surface

hinge
cylinder nest in trough
uniaxial movements

pivot
Axle fits into a sleeve (rotation about long axis)
radial ulna joint

condylar/ ellipsoid
over surface permit flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
biaxial movements

saddle
biaxial movements
pair of concave and convex area

ball and socket
round head that articulates with cup-like surface
multi-axial movement

Question 23

joints injuries
sprains
dislocation
cartilages tear

Answer 23

sprains-
ligaments are stretched or torn
partial tears replay show because of lack of blood supply

Dislocation-
bones forced out of alignment
subluxation- partial dislocation

Cartilage tear
- compression and shear stress together
- fragment often cause joint to catch or lock
- rarely repairs itself- avascular

Question 23

Arthritis

Answer 23

1/5 people suffer in lifetime

Osteoarthritis-
more cartilage is destroyed than replaced, leads to roughened, putted and eroded articular cartilages

Rheumatoid arthritis
chronic and
inflammatory, is an autoimmune disease
whereby immune system attacks tissues,
begins as inflammation of synovial membrane,
cartilage erodes and scar tissue forms (can
ossify = ankylosis)

Question 24

function of skeletal muscles

Answer 24

produce movements- respoensivle for locomotion and balance maintain posture and body position stabilize joints generate heat as they contract- maintain body temperature

Question 25

muscle hierarchical organisation and what the top 3 are covered by gross anatomy of skeletal muscle- what they receive and 3 levels of connective tissues

Answer 25

sarcomeres myofibrils fibre endomysium fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fibre fascicle perimysium fibrous dense connective tissue surrounding fascicles- group of muscle fibres muscle - epimysium- dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle; may blend with fascia receive a nerve, artery and vein

Question 26

How to muscles attach to a skeleton?

Answer 26

Muscle span joints- attach to bone in at least 2 places - origin attachment that is relatively fixed, typically proximal - insertion attachment that is more moveable, usually distal Attachment can be direct or indirect - Direct (fleshy) epimysium fused to periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage - Indirect connective tissue wrappings extend beyond muscle as rope-like tendon or sheet-like aponeurosis

Question 27

tendons vs aponeurosis

Answer 27

Tendon rope-like bands of connective tissues aponeurosis broad sheet of dense regular connective tissues attach muscle to bone or muscle to muscles or muscle of fascia

Question 27

muscle action and interactions functional groups

Answer 27

Muscles can only pull on tendons or skeleton never push Functional groups Agonist- prime mover Antagonist- opposite side muscle that contradicts antagonist synergist- another muscle that performs the same task

Question 28

muscle terminology- what can they be based on

Answer 28

Muscle location, location of attachment, shape, number of origins, size, action, direction of muscle of muscle fibres

Question 29

muscle arrangements- architecture Parallel vs pennate

Answer 29

Parallel - long muscle fascicles= more muscle shortening= larger range of motion at joints- lower PCSA - fascicles like parallel to muscle line of action - strap - fusiform Pennate - short angled fibres= small range of motion - more fibres packed within a given volume = high forces and more power - Fascicles at angle relative to the line of action - Uni-pennate - Bi-pennate - Multi-pennate Circular

Question 30

musculoskeletal system are set of levers

Answer 30

- most skeletal muscles move using leverage - levers allow given effort to move heavier load or to move load farther or faster depending on the fulcrum position relative to the load and effort. Mechanical advantage- power lever- load is close to fulcrum, small effort can move large load Mechanical disadvantage speed lever- load is far from fulcrum, offers wide range of motion

Question 31

muscles - shoulder, arm, thorax, abdomen, thigh, lower leg, sholder, hip, thigh and leg.

Answer 31

Thorax - external and internal intercostals- connect our ribs - transversus abdominis- side, rectus- straight internal oblique- deep inner muscles covering the external oblique- flexion, lateral flexion and rotation of trunk SHolder and upper arm Back - trapezius - deltoid - latissimus dorsi front - deltoil - pectoralis major - triceps brachill - biceps brachii

Question 32

what is rotator cuff injury

Answer 32

4 muscles comprise the rotator cuff - supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subsscapularis, teres minor Most common shoulder injury Causes- acute, chronic- baseball pitchers, dislocation, tendinopothy

Question 33

thigh anteriour compartments- quadriceps and posterior- hamstrings functions to- knee flexors

Answer 33

-Retus femoris - vastus intermedius - vastus lateralis - vastus medialis - quadriceps tendons - patella Posterior - Gluteus medius - Gluteus maximus -biceps feroris - semitendinsus - semimembranosus

Question 34

importance of patella for quadriceps function

Answer 34

- patella acts like a fulcrum - increases lever arm of quadriceps - increases range of motion at knee ( extension) - increases knee torque ( movement)

Question 35

lower leg compartments- IMPORTANT FOR EXAM- tricep surae muscle group 3 muscles functions to Planter flexion

Answer 35

Medial gastrocnemius lateral gastrocnemius soleus tibialis anterior achilles tendon - Commonly injured - thickest tendon in human body - commonly injured- inflammation, tear, rupture - the tendon itself doesnt get infalted but structures around it - perviously thought that males have stiffer tendon then females but now they know its linked to strength and not gender