Muscular, Skeletal an Respiratory Systems; Skin

Question 1

What hormone directly stimulates osteoblasts ?

Answer 1

Calcitonin

Question 2

As the pH of body decreases, how is ventilation rate impacted?

Answer 2

The ventilation will INCREASE and release CO2

Question 3

How are long bones lengthened during the growth characteristic of childhood and adolescence?

Answer 3

Deposition of CARTILAGE at epiphyseal plate

Question 4

what part of the sliding filament model of contraction requires ATP hydrolysis?

Answer 4

resetting the myosin head groups

Question 5

what part of siding filament model of contraction requires ATP use?

Answer 5

release of myosin from actin

Question 6

Which components of the sarcomere change in length during muscle contraction?

Answer 6

H zone and I band

Question 7

What is the role of type II pneumocytes (alveolar cells) ?

Answer 7

to produce surFACTANT ?

Question 8

What is role of surfactant ?

Answer 8

Surfactant is a detergent-like substance that breaks up cohesive forces between water molecules (i.e., surface tension) to prevent alveolar collapse

Question 9

What would happen if alveoli collapsed ? How would gas exchange, lung volume and heart rate be affected ?

Answer 9

Collapse of the alveoli would prevent gas exchange from occurring and would lead to a DECREASE in arterial [O2] and a decrease in lung volume

Heart rate would most likely increase to circulate the limited O2 in the blood to tissues more quickly

Question 10

Describe the path a red blood cell must go through in pulmonary artery before reaching the veins of the skin?

Answer 10

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
A red blood cell must first pass through the capillary bed in the lungs to pick up oxygen.
It will then go to the left side of the heart to be pumped to the body. When reaching the skin, the red blood cell will enter the capillary bed in the dermis to drop off oxygen and pick up CO2, before entering the veins of the skin

Question 11

how does sympathetic nervous system affect bronchioles?

Answer 11

Sympathetic nervous system DILATES bronchioles

Question 12

What kind of drugs would help with high blood pressure ?

Answer 12

Drugs that ANTAGONIZE (opposite effect) the sympathetic nervous system are good choices to control high blood pressure because they SLow heart rate, Decrease cardiac output, and decrease blood pressure.

Question 13

What is role of parasympathetic nervous system in bronchioles? What would a parasympathetic antagonist drug do?

Answer 13

parasympathetic nervous system will CONSTRICT nervous system

a parasympathetic antagonist would block parasympathetic innervation to the heart, causing an increase in heart rate. This would increase cardiac output and increase blood pressure

Question 14

What is the neurotransmitter that parasympathetic system uses ?

Answer 14

ACETYLCHOLINE

Question 15

What are the three main functions of lungs?

Answer 15

Gas exchange
regulation of blood pH
-production of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).

Question 16

What is the role of ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) ?

Answer 16

ACE facilitates the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II,

Question 17

what is role of angiotensin II?

Answer 17

Angiotensin II: which is a potent vasoconstrictor that causes an increase in blood pressure
Angiotensin II also causes an increase in the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. This affects blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of Na+

Question 18

What signals the body to increase red blood cell production ?

Answer 18

ERYTHROPOEITIN made by kidney (that may occur in response to relative hypoxia in the renal tubules)

Question 19

How are alveoli protected from infection ?

Answer 19

Alveolar macrophages are the specialized immune cells that patrol the alveoli for foreign microbes

Question 20

What is role of cytotoxic T cells and how do they contribute to pneumonia ?

Answer 20

Cytotoxic T cells directly induce lysis of viral-infected cells, and the lysis of these cells can contribute to the fluid accumulation seen in pneumonia

Question 21

What is residual volume ?

Answer 21

residual volume: is the amount of air left in the lung after a maximal expiration

Question 22

What is required for Oxidative phosphorylation to occur? What happens if in low amounts?

Answer 22

Oxidative phosphorylation requires the use of oxygen as a final electron acceptor, so less oxygen means less efficient electron transport, a smaller proton gradient, and less ATP synthesis.

Question 23

What kind of molecules are cytokines ? how does this affect membrane transport ?

Answer 23

Cytokines are peptides
. Peptide cannot cross the lipid bilayer and thus cannot simply enter the cytoplasm.
signaling molecules that cannot enter the cell must act through a RECEPTOR on the cell surface.

Question 24

What occurs during the power stroke of muscle contraction ?

Answer 24

After myosin binds to actin, it is the release of ADP and Pi that signals the power stroke

Question 25

What is diaphragm made of and what happens during respiration ?

Answer 25

Diaphragm is made of Skeletal muscle and must contract during respiration

Question 26

What kind of muscles are used in eye that controls accommodation and focus ?

Answer 26

The muscles in the eye that control accommodation and focus (the ciliary and radial muscles) are SMOOTH muscles