Test 3 review

Question 1

What are the kind of bonds that are included in DNA ?

Answer 1

-DNA contains nitrogenous bases that can form hydrogen bonds
- DNA contains a negatively charged sugar phosphate backbone that can participate in electrostatic interactions
-The nitrogenous bases in DNA are also aromatic and can stack with aromatic side chains of amino acids in a protein to generate attractive London dispersion forces.

Question 2

What happens to lysine residues that are acetylated?

Answer 2

When lysine residues are acetylated they are NO longer charged and normal DNA around histone protein are bound less tightly

Question 3

what are effects of tumor suppressor gene ?

Answer 3

it will Halt (stop) cell cycle from continuing
-will allow for DNA repair to occur
-or cell commit suicide (if damage too severe)

Question 4

where does protein production occur in the nervous system ?

Answer 4

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 5

how does afferent neuron begin and end?

Answer 5

Afferent neuron begins in the periphery and ends in CNS

Question 6

What Lab technique is used for secreted proteins in culture media, blood or extracellular space?

Answer 6

ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno absorbent assay)

Question 7

What is the process that occurs in meiosis but NOT in mitosis

Answer 7

RECOMBINATION (only occurs in meiosis)

Question 8

What is the function of spleen? What does it contain ?

Answer 8

The spleen is one of the major organs of the immune system. It is rich with lymphocytes, both B and T, and serves a major resource in the body’s natural defenses against pathogens, especially encapsulated bacteria
-spleen also removes old or damaged red blood cells

Question 9

where are red blood cells synthesized?

Answer 9

bone marrow

Question 10

Does Fetal Hemoglobin or normal Hemoglobin have higher affinity for carrying oxygen?

Answer 10

HBF (fetal hemoglobin) has greater affinity for carrying oxygen

Question 11

Why doesn’t HbF (fetal Hemoglobin) sickle ?

Answer 11

because it does not contain Beta chains

Question 12

How are fatty acids transported In blood during beta oxidation ?

Answer 12

Fatty acids are transported in the blood via binding to blood proteins like albumin. Once at the target tissue, they are activated, shuttled into the mitochondria and broken down via β-oxidation. This generates acetyl-CoA (via cleavage of the carbon backbone), as well as NADH and FADH2 (

Question 13

What causes acidosis when using lactate ? what kind of acidosis occurs?

Answer 13

Lactate is the ionized/deprotonated form of lactic acid. Therefore, an acidosis is expected to develop. Since lactate is generated through a metabolic process (anaerobic respiration) and not a function of breathing rate, it is expected to cause a metabolic acidosis ?

Question 14

When does alkalosis occur? When does metabolic alkalosis vs respiratory occur?

Answer 14

An alkalosis would result in increasing the pH of the blood
. If it is metabolic in origin, then there is an increased concentration of HCO3–, whereas if it is respiratory, then there is a decreased concentration of CO2

Question 15

What causes metabolic acidosis ?

Answer 15

A metabolic acidosis is caused by a decrease in HCO3– concentration, resulting in a comparatively higher than normal H+ concentration (low blood pH)

Question 16

What does Hyperventilation do?

Answer 16

Hyperventilation causes a decrease in CO2 concentration. Remembering that CO2 is acid , hyperventilation creates a respiratory alkalosis.

Question 17

What are some characteristics about the virus HIV

Answer 17

HIV exhibits a lysogenic life cycle since it integrates into the host’s genome. I
- it is also a Retrovirus

Question 18

What is the role of enzyme integrates ?

Answer 18

-integration of viral DNA into the host’s DNA is mediated by the enzyme integrase,

Question 19

what is the function of protease? How does it affect viral replication ?

Answer 19

The protease enzyme is used to cut larger proteins into smaller functional proteins, such as gp160 into gp41 and gp120
Without these functional proteins, viral replication comes to a halt and of viral replication stops, then fewer helper T-cells will be infected

Question 20

What is role of reverse transcriptase ?

Answer 20

Reverse transcriptase will make DNA from an RNA template.

Question 21

What will be the result of new strand using reverse transcriptase ?

Answer 21

The resultant strand of DNA will be antiparallel and complementary to the template strand. T
therefore, the 3’ end of the template corresponds to the 5’ end of the newly synthesized strand.

Question 22

What happens to blood if there is a high salt intake?

Answer 22

High salt intake will increase the salinity of the blood which will draw water into circulation by osmosis, elevating the observed blood pressure

Question 23

What type of bone is bone marrow?

Answer 23

spongy bone

Question 23

Where are chondrocytes found?

Answer 23

cartilage

Question 24

What is found in a region near concentric rings of bone?

Answer 24

Concentric rings surround the central circular region that contains blood or lymph vessels

Question 25

what are differences between bacteria and protists ?

Answer 25

Bacteria do NOT have organelles while protists exhibit the organelles typical of animal cells

Question 26

What are similarities between bacteria and protists ?

Answer 26

both forms of DNA are double-stranded (bacteria- circular ; protists- Linear DNA) Bacteria are unicellular and protists typically are, as well -both protists and bacteria often exhibit flagellar movement

Question 27

What type of enzyme is Lactase? What is its function ?

Answer 27

lactase is a Brush Border enzyme. lactose is hydrolyzed by lactase Lactose is a found in dairy products. It is a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose.

Question 28

How many molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate are made for each glucose molecule in glycolysis ? how many inorganic phosphate molecules for each g3p?

Answer 28

For every glucose molecule, 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are produced. -Every molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate requires ONE molecule of Pi to be converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Question 29

How are proteins synthesized? What reaction?

Answer 29

proteins are synthesized by the condensation of amino acids. Condensation involves dehydration.

Question 30

How does drug resistance develop in viruses ?

Answer 30

Drug resistance develops as mutant versions of the virus are produced and begin infecting new host cells. The change must be able to be passed on to viral progeny.

Question 31

What is the role of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6DPH)? What is role of NADPH?

Answer 31

. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6DPH) catalyzes the first step in the pentose phosphate pathway, where NADPH is produced. NADPH plays a major role in preventing damage due to oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species.

Question 32

what kind of molecules are benzoic acid and benzaldehyde?

Answer 32

Water-insoluble