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Human anatomy > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Movement

A

Contraction pulls on insertion where a tendon attaches to a bone or other tissue

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2
Q

Posture

A

By producing muscle tone with continuous contractions to stabilize joints

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3
Q

Protection

A

Muscles support the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and protectthe visceral organs ex:rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus protect the intestines

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4
Q

Thermogenesis

A

Metabolism can be regulated to produce heat and warm the body temperature

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5
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system

A

Movement, posture, protection and thermogenesis

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6
Q

What are the general functions of muscle tissue

A

excitability and contractility

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7
Q

Excitability

A

Muscles respond to stimuli

Ex:skeletal muscles stimulus comes from a motor neuron

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8
Q

Contractility

A

Muscles can shorten when stimulated

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9
Q

Cardiac muscle structure and location

A

Found in the muscular wall of the heart (myocardium), branching striated cells called cardiomyocytes have a central round nucleus and form cell junctions called intercalated disks that contain desmosomes and gap junctions.

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10
Q

Striations

A

alternating light and dark bands (stripes)

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11
Q

Cardiac muscle function

A

Contraction is involuntary, stimulated by an internal pacemaker of the heart, regulated by autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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12
Q

Smooth muscle structure and location

A

Found in the walls of hollow organs, Spindle shaped (fusiform) cells with a central nucleus and no striations

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13
Q

Smooth muscles function

A

Contraction is involuntary, regulated by the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle structure and location

A

Found attached to skeleton through tendons (dense regular CT), Long striated cells called fibers that contain multiple nuclei

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15
Q

Fascicle

A

Bundle of skeletal muscle fibers

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16
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Tendon that forms a thick flattened sheet ex:epicranial aponeurosis

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17
Q

Origin

A

Location where tendon attaches to bone that remains stationary during the action produced by contraction of that skeletal muscle

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18
Q

Insertion

A

attachment that moves during the action produced by contraction

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19
Q

Epimysium

A

Superficial covering of fibrous CT that encloses the skeletal muscle organ and connects to tendon

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20
Q

Perimysium

A

Fibrous CT covering bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles

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21
Q

Endomysium

A

Areolar CT covering individual fibers within a fascicle

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22
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle fiber

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23
Q

Myofibril

A

Non-membranous organelles within muscle fibers made of repeating structural and functional units called sarcomeres containing overlapping myofilaments

24
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Membranous organelles similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibrils, its primary function is storage and release of calcium

25
Transverse (T) tubules
Deep indentations in the sarcolemmal surface forming a network of narrow spaces filled with extracellular fluid. The sarcolemma here contains channels that allow facilitated diffusion of sodium ion from the extracellular fluid into the cytoplasm surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum
26
Terminal cisternae
Expanded chambers of sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to T-tubules
27
Sarcomere
structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle cells contains overlapping thick and thin myofilaments
28
Myofilaments
Fibrous proteins within myofibrils that produce contraction
29
Thick filaments
contain motor protein called Mysoin ATPase
30
Thin filaments
contain Actin (cytoskeleton protein supports shape of the cell and contains binding sites for myosin), Troponin (Calcium sensor protein), and Tropomyosin (Fibrous protein covers myosin binding sites of actin)
31
Z-line
Ends of sarcomere contain proteins that anchor thin filaments in place
32
A-band
Entire length of the thick filament
33
I-band
Only thin filaments with no overlap of thick filaments
34
H-band
Central region of thick filaments with no overlap of thin filaments
35
M-line
Center of H-band
36
Skeletal muscle function
Contraction is voluntary, controlled by somatic nervous system, somatic motor neurons excite contraction of muscle fibers
37
Neuromuscular junction structure
Axon terminal, motor end plate, synaptic cleft, and motor unit
38
Axon terminal
End of motor neuron that releases neurotransmitters to excite muscle fiber
39
Motor end plate
Sarcolemmal surface adjacent to axon terminal that has receptors that detect neurtransmitters
40
Synaptic cleft
Small space between axon terminal and motor end plate
41
Motor unit
a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it excites
42
Excitation
At the neuromuscular junction, the axon terminal releases acetylcholine (ACh). The motor end plate is the location of the ACh receptors in the muscle fiber sarcolemma. When ACh molecules are released, they diffuse across a minute space called the synaptic cleft and bind to the receptors that stimulate an action potential (brief reversal of the membrane potential)
43
Contraction
An action potential stimulates the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into flood the sarcoplasm. Calcium is the mediator of excitation contraction coupling that binds to troponin exposing the binding sites on actin to allow cross-bridge formation. A cross-bridge forms between actin and the myosin heads triggering contraction. As long as calcium ions remain in the sarcoplasm to bind to troponin, and as long as ATP is available, the muscle fiber will continue to shorten
44
Parallel (non-fusiform) fascicle arrangement
Fibers run straight from origin to insertion | Ex: sartorius
45
Parallel (fusiform) fascicle arrangement
Spindle shaped large belly tapers at end | Ex: biceps brachii
46
Convergent fascicle arrangement
Spread out broadly at the origin but come together to a narrow tendon for insertion Ex: Pectoralis major
47
Circular fascicle arrangement
Fascicles form concentric rings that surround an opening | Ex: Obicularis oris
48
Pennate fascicle arrangement
"featherlike" fibers arranged at an oblique angle to a tendon. Allows the muscle to produce a large force at the expense of producing less movement
49
Unipennate
all muscle fibers on same side of the tendon | Ex: Extensor digitorum
50
Bipennate
Fibers on both sides of tendon | Ex: Rectus femoris
51
Multipennate
Tendon branches within the muscle | Ex:Deltoid
52
What are the seven criteria commonly used to name muscles?
1. Shape Ex: deltoid=triangular 2. Origin/Insertion Ex:Sternocleidomastoid=O-Manubrium and clavicle I-Mastoid 3. Fiber direction Ex:Rectus abdominus, external and internal abdominal obliques 4. # of origins Ex: Biceps brachii(2 heads), triceps brachii (3 heads) 5. Location Ex:Biceps brachii (arm), biceps femoris (thigh) 6. Size Ex:Extensor carpi radialis brevis (short) and longus (long), adductor magnus (largest) 7. Action Ex:Extensor carpi radialis, flexor carpi radialis, adductor magnus, supinator
53
Prime-mover/Agonist
Main muscle responsible for action | Ex: biceps brachii
54
Antagonist
Muscle that stretches and stabilizes in support of the action of the agonist Ex: Triceps brachii
55
Synergist
Muscles assit by adding additional force for movement or stability Ex: Brachialis and Brachioradialis assist with flexion of elbow

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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