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Respiratory System Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

A

External respiration, maintain blood ph homeostasis, sound production and smell

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2
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the external environment and the blood

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3
Q

Maintaining blood ph homeostasis

A

Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid so removing carbon dioxide from the blood increases blood ph

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4
Q

Sound production

A

the vocal cords in the larynx vibrate as air is forced through producing sound to enable vocalization

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5
Q

smell

A

air drawn into the nasal cavity where odorants dissolve into the mucous of the olfactory epithelium

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6
Q

conducting zone

A

series of interconnecting cavities and tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs, bulk flow of air in and out occurs here but no external respiration
*includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles

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7
Q

respiratory zone

A

Portions of the respiratory system where external respiration occurs
*Includes respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

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8
Q

respiratory mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells found lining the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, trachea and bronchi
*filters, moistens and warms air

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9
Q

Mucus

A

traps bacteria and foreign debris and moistens air

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10
Q

cilia

A

sweeps mucus towards the pharynx

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11
Q

Nose

A

primary entrance into the respiratory system

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12
Q

nasal septum

A

divides nasal cavity into left and right sides

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13
Q

nasal conchae

A

increases turbulence of inspired air and increases exposure to respiratory mucosa

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14
Q

meatus

A

groove under the nasal conchae

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15
Q

hard and soft palate

A

floor of nasal cavity and roof of oral cavity

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16
Q

internal nares

A

opens posteriorly into the nasopharynx

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17
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

produce mucus and resonate sound

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18
Q

Pharynx

A

muscular passage extending from the nasal cavity to the larynx. Divided into three regions-nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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19
Q

Nasopharynx

A

superior portion of the pharynx, lies posterior to internal nares and superior to soft palate

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20
Q

pharyngeal tonsil

A

located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

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21
Q

eustachian tubes

A

open into the nasopharynx

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22
Q

oropharynx

A

middle portion of the pharynx, lies posterior to the oral cavity, common passageway for food and air

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23
Q

palatine tonsils

A

located on the lateral walls of the oropharynx

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24
Q

lingual tonsil

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A

found at the base of the tongue

25
laryngopharynx
inferior portion of the pharynx, extends from the hyoid bone to the esophagus (posterior) and the larynx (anterior)
26
larynx
passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea, inferior to the hyoid and anterior to the esophagus, produces sound and prevents food from entering the trachea
27
true vocal cords
elastic ligaments attached to the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx, when pulled tight they vibrate and produce sound as air is expelled from lungs
28
glottis
opening between vocal cords
29
epiglottis
spoon shaped elastic cartilage flap that projects from the anterior aspect of the larynx over the glottis, larynx rises and the epiglottis moves down to form a lid over the glottis when swallowing
30
vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
mucosal folds superior to true vocal cords, sensitive to touch and will provoke coughing reflex to eject anything that enters the larynx
31
Trachea
anterior to the esophagus from the larynx, divides at the carina into the right and left primary bronchi
32
lungs
spongy organs composed mostly of elastic connective tissue, found in the thoracic cavity surrounded by the right and left pleural cavities
33
apex of lungs
superior point, deep to the clavicle
34
base of lungs
inferior broader portion, rests on diaphragm
35
right lung
three lobes- superior, middle and inferior, has horizontal and oblique fissure
36
left lung
two lobes- superior and inferior, separated by the oblique fissure, has cardiac notch on the medial side
37
pleural membranes
double serous membrane that encloses and protects the lungs, pleural fluid fills area between layers to allow gliding and resist separation
38
visceral pleura
covers the lung surface
39
parietal pleura
lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
40
bronchial tree
branching of bronchi into smaller and smaller branches
41
primary bronchi
right and left branch from the trachea, enter the right and left lung at the hilus (medial depression)
42
secondary bronchi
one per lobe
43
tertiary bronchi
one per segment (subdivisions of the lobes)
44
bronchioles
small branches that have a thick smooth muscle layer and no cartilage
45
terminal bronchioles
lined w non ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium
46
respiratory bronchioles
very thin wall made of simple squamous epithelium, connects to the alveolar ducts within alveolar sacs
47
respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)
site of external respiration (gas exchange) between blood and air in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
48
alveolar sacs
clusters of air sacs with a thin wall of simple squamous epithelium
49
alveoli
thin walled air sacs, each closely associated with capillaries
50
what type of cells are found in the wall of alveolar sacs?
Type I, type II and macrophages
51
type I alveolar cells
simple squamous epithelium supported by elastic basement membrane
52
type II alveolar cells
surfactant secreting cells produce oily fluid that reduces surface tension to prevent collapse of alveoli
53
macrophages
perform phagocytosis to engulf debris
54
Inspiration
movement of air into lungs- contraction of primary muscles of inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) leads to increased volume of the thoracic cavity, increasing volume decreases pressure and air flows into the lungs
55
Expiration
movement of air out of the lungs- relaxation of muscles of inspiration leads to decreased volume of the lungs, decreasing volume increases pressure and air flows out of the lungs
56
During gas exchange
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the plasma membrane of cells by simple diffusion
57
External respiration
gas exchange between the blood of the pulmonary capillaries and air in the respiratory zone of the lungs, oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out
58
internal respiration
gas exchange between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the tissues of the body, oxygen moves out of the blood and carbon dioxide moves in

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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